Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Fig. 8.3 a Example of a lower buttocks model on bicycle saddle in loaded configuration (image
in section cut view, fat (light brown), muscle (dark brown) and bone (grey), b skin level vertical
direct stress distribution and c pressure distribution on saddle
Fig. 8.4 Interaction between the sole of a shoe and foot: a photograph of the physical loading
situation, b FE simulation and c FE foot model in section cut view
8.3 Football Shoes
Footwear comfort especially in the field of soccer or football shoes depends upon
shoe materials of the sole and cleat systems as well as on the geometrical
arrangement of the single cleats itself. Quantification of the (internal) mechanical
loading and deformations of the foot tissue and ligament and bone structure
requires an adequate FE-model. Present investigations are restricted to the use of
sensor insoles which lead to limited information on the contact pressure situation
at the skin level without evaluating the internal tissue stress and strain distribution.
Employing the B
OSS
-Procedure, interaction between various sole-cleat systems and
the human musculoskeletal system, in particular knee and ankle joints and the
Achilles tendon, are analyzed (cf. Fig.
8.4
).
8.4 Mechanical Description of Human Active Muscle
Modelling of human muscle tissue as described in
Chap. 5
is based on quasi-static
in vivo experiments, whereby the muscles are assumed to be in a passive state.
This assumption is justified for a first approximation to describe statically loaded
