Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
veryactiveresearcharea.Thisreviewhasspecialemphasisonthe
design, detection mechanism, and performance of fluorescent and
luminescent probes for hydrogen peroxide.
42.1 Introduction
ROS is a key physiological regulator and an important biological
messenger in signal transduction cascades.
1
,
2
ROS includes hydro-
gen peroxide, superoxide, hydroxyl radicals, and nitric oxide.
3
,
4
In
particular, hydrogen peroxide plays a fundamental role as a sec-
ond messenger in normal cellular signal transduction. Recently,
new data has suggested that a controlled burst of hydrogen perox-
ide can serve beneficial roles for cell survival, growth, differentia-
tion, and maintenance. However, hydrogen peroxide is considered
to be a major ROS in living organisms and a common oxidative
stress.
5
,
6
A peroxide burst in response to cell receptor stimulation
affects several classes of essential signaling proteins that control
cellproliferationand/orcelldeath,includingmitogen-activatedpro-
tein (MAP) kinase and nuclear factor
B).
1
,
7
-
10
Moreover,
excess generation of hydrogen peroxide induces oxidative stress,
and cellular mismanagement of oxidation-reduction chemistry trig-
gerssubsequentoxidativedamagestotissueandorgans.
7
Hydrogen
peroxideisthusafeatureofhumanagingandnumeroushumandis-
eases, particularly when inflammation is prominent.
8
These include
acute and chronic inflammatory processes, atherosclerosis, neu-
rodegenerative disorders, diabetics, and ischemic stroke. Mitochon-
dria of inflammatory cells, including macrophages, neutrophiles,
and eosinophiles, are believed to be the major source of ROS at
the site of inflammation.
3
Therefore, hydrogen peroxide has great
potential as adiagnostic biomarker of inflammatory response.
11
-
13
In scaffold-based regenerative medicine, implanted biomateri-
als ultimately develop complications—adverse interactions of the
patient with implants—which constitute implant failure and may
cause harm to the patient. Inflammation is the most important
host reaction to implanted biomaterials involving numerous cell
types and mediator signals. Therefore, how implanted biomaterials
κ
κ
B(NF-
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