Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
ontothebiomaterialscanenhancecellviability,function,andrecom-
binantproducts in cell.
Gene-activating scaffolds are being designed to deliver to
targeted genes, resulting in the stimulation of specific cellular
responses at the molecular level.
2
,
3
Modification of bioactive mole-
cules with resorbable biomaterials systems obtains specific interac-
tions with cell integrins, resulting in cell activation. These bioactive
bioglasses and macroporous scaffolds also can be designed to acti-
vate genes that stimulate regeneration of living tissue.
9
Gene deliv-
erywouldbeaccomplishedbycomplexationwithpositivelycharged
polymers, encapsulation, and gel by means of a scaffold structure.
Methodsofgenedeliveryforgene-activatingscaffoldsarealmostthe
same as thoseof proteins, drugs, and peptides.
1.3 Scaffold Fabrication and Characterization
1.3.1
Fabrication Methods of Scaffolds
Engineeredscaffoldsmayenhancethefunctionalitiesofcellsandtis-
sues to support the adhesion and growth of a large number of cells
by providing a large surface area and pore structure within a 3D
structure. Porosity needs provide enough space, permit cell suspen-
sion, and penetrate the 3D structure. Also, these porous structures
provide to promote ECM production, to transport nutrients from
nutrient media, and to excrete waste products.
1
,
5
,
7
,
9
,
10
From these
points of view, an adequate pore size and a uniformly distributed
and interconnected pore structure to allow for easy distribution of
cells throughout the scaffold structure are very important. The scaf-
fold structure is directly related to fabrication methods. Over 20
methods have been proposed.
36
−
38
1.3.1.1 Electrospinning method
This technique is relatively old and normally engaged in poly-
mer engineering to spin small-diameter fibers. Very recently, many
researchershaveappliedthistechniquetoscaffoldsintheregenera-
tive medicine area due to its potential as mimicking Mother Nature.
The morphology and architecture, thickness, two- or 3D structure,
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