Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
The chemical composition of the tissue engineered scaffold
is crucial for the resorbability and osteoconductive properties,
together with its internal porous structure for vascular growth.
Porous bioceramics HA and TCP were demonstrated to have good
osteoconductive properties resulting in a good functional recovery;
however,theresorptionwaspoor.
9
Anovelpolymer-nanoHAporous
scaffold was prepared without the use of organic solvents, which
exhibited significantly higher cell growth, alkaline phosphatase
activity, and mineralization
in vitro
compared with a scaffold pre-
pared with organic solvents. Also, on implantation, the histological
evaluation showed that bone formation was more extensive on the
scaffold prepared without using organic solvents.
10
It has been pro-
posedthattheuseofculture-expandedosteoprogenitorcellsincon-
junction with HA bioceramics significantly improves the repair of
critical-size long-bone defects.
11
A macroporous HA scaffold coated
with polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)-bioglass demonstrated the
formation of an apatite layer on sample surfaces immersed in the
simulated body fluid (SBF) for five days. This also had increased
compressive strengths and seems to be a possible scaffold for bone
tissue engineering.
12
HA ceramic matrices cultured with mesenchy-
mal stem cells (MSCs) obtained from the respective patient's bone
marrow cells were forced to differentiate into osteoblasts, and a
bone matrix was formed with HA ceramic. This tissue-engineered
HA was used to fill the patient's bone cavity after tumor curettage
and exhibited an immediate healing potential and has been sug-
gested as an alternative to autologous bone grafts.
13
Thesamehas
been found effective as a “bone graft” substitute for spinal fusion.
14
The three general criteria that have been considered for tissue
regeneration are a) the ability of the cells to maintain their desired
function without immunological rejection, b) a suitable 3D scaffold
that helps in cell growth, and c) e
cient delivery of growth factors
facilitating tissue ingrowth.
1
4.4 Research Perspective
Ceramics are widely used as bone substitutes for the past sev-
eral years. HA and TCP are approved by the Food and Drug
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