Arrestins in the Cardiovascular System - Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science - page 318

information about their roles in eliciting (or preventing) specific biological
effects in the individual organs/tissues of the cardiovascular system keeps com-
ing to light, their potential as therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases, a
cluster of diseases that still carries the biggest morbidity and mortality burden
in the entire modern world, will become increasingly evident and attainable.

REFERENCES
1. Piascik MT, Perez DM. Alpha1-adrenergic receptors: new insights and directions.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther . 2001;298:403- 410.
2. Jensen BC, O'Connell TD, Simpson PC. Alpha-1-adrenergic receptors: targets for
agonist drugs to treat heart failure. J Mol Cell Cardiol . 2011;51:518- 528.
3. Jensen BC, Swigart PM, De Marco T, Hoopes C, Simpson PC. {alpha}1-Adrenergic
receptor subtypes in nonfailing and failing human myocardium. Circ Heart Fail .
2009;2:654- 663.
4. Van Tassell BW, Rondina MT, Huggins F, Gilbert EM, Munger MA. Carvedilol
increases blood pressure response to phenylephrine infusion in heart failure subjects
with systolic dysfunction: evidence of improved vascular alpha1-adrenoreceptor signal
transduction. Am Heart J . 2008;156:315- 321.
5. Stewart JM, Patel MB, Wang J, et al. Chronic elevation of norepinephrine in conscious
dogs produces hypertrophy with no loss of LV reserve. Am J Physiol . 2009;262:
H331- H339.
6. Vecchione C, Fratta L, Rizzoni D, et al. Cardiovascular influences of alpha1b-
adrenergic receptor defect in mice. Circulation . 2002;105:1700- 1707.
7. Cotecchia S. The a 1-adrenergic receptors: diversity of signaling networks and regula-
tion. J Recep Signal Transduct . 2010;30:410- 419.
8. Stanasila L, Abuin L, Dey J, Cotecchia S. Different internalization properties of the
alpha1a- and alpha1b-adrenergic receptor subtypes: the potential role of receptor inter-
action with beta-arrestins and AP50. Mol Pharmacol . 2008;74:562- 573.
9. Phillipp M, Hein L. Adrenergic receptor knockout mice: distinct functions of 9 recep-
tor subtypes. Pharmacol Ther . 2004;101:65- 74.
10. Small KM, Brown KM, Forbes SL, Liggett SB. Polymorphic deletion of three intra-
cellular acidic residues of the alpha2B-adrenergic receptor decreases G protein-coupled
receptor kinase-mediated phosphorylation and desensitization. J Biol Chem .

2001;276:4917 - 4922.
11. Nguyen K, Kassimatis T, Lymperopoulos A. Impaired desensitization of a human poly-
morphic a 2B-adrenergic receptor variant enhances its sympatho-inhibitory activity in
chromaffin cells. Cell Commun Signal . 2011;9:5.
12. Snapir A, Mikkelsson J, Perola M, Penttila A, Scheinin M, Karhunen PJ. Variation in
the alpha2B-adrenoceptor gene as a risk factor for prehospital fatal myocardial infarc-
tion and sudden cardiac death. J Am Coll Cardiol . 2003;41:190 - 194.
13. Von Wowern F, Bengtsson K, Lindblad U, Rastam L, Melander O. Functional variant
in the (alpha)2B adrenoceptor gene, a positional candidate on chromosome 2, associates
with hypertension. Hypertension . 2004;43:592 - 597.
14. Ohlin B, Berglund G, Nilsson PM, Melander O. Job strain, decision latitude and
alpha2B-adrenergic receptor polymorphism significantly interact, and associate with
high blood pressures in men. J Hypertens . 2007;25:1613 - 1619.
15. Lymperopoulos A, Rengo G, Funakoshi H, Eckhart AD, Koch WJ. Adrenal GRK2
upregulation mediates sympathetic overdrive in heart failure. Nat Med . 2007;13:
315 - 323.