Arrestins in the Cardiovascular System - Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science - page 294

Table 12.1 In vivo cardiovascular effects of barrs, underlying molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic implications for cardiovascular diseases—
cont'd
Tissue and
receptor

arr
isoform

Action on
receptor

Signaling
pathway(s) affected

Desirable
intervention (disease)

b

In vivo effect Refs.

Platelet
PAR4

b arr1 Signal

transducer

PI3K/Akt-fibrinogen
binding

" Thrombosis Inhibition

(TE syndromes)

45,47

Cardiac
EGFR

b arr2 Signal

transducer

AT 1 R-dependent
transactivation

" Cardiomyocyte survival-

proliferation

Stimulation (HF) 34

VSM
EGFR

b arr2 Signal

transducer

AT 1 R-dependent
transactivation

" VSM hyperplasia-

hypertrophy

Inhibition
(atherosclerosis)

36

Abbreviations/acronyms: AA, arachidonic acid; Akt, Akt kinase or protein kinase B (PKB); AR, adrenergic receptor; b arr, b arrestin; AT 1 R, angiotensin II type 1 receptor; BAD,
Bcl-2-associated death promoter; CA, catecholamine; DGK, diacylglycerol kinase; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; ET A R,
endothelin-1 type A receptor; GPR109A, G-protein-coupled receptor 109A (nicotinic acid receptor); HF, heart failure; HTN, hypertension; MAPK, mitogen-activated pro-
tein kinase; N/A, not applicable; NDI, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus; NF- k B, nuclear factor-kappaB; NSIAD, nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis; P2YR,
metabotropic purinergic receptor; PA, phosphatidic acid; PAR4, protease-activated receptor type 4; PGD 2 , prostaglandin D 2 ; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; c PLA 2 , cytosolic
phospholipase A 2 ; Refs, references; SNS, sympathetic nervous system; StAR, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; TE, thromboembolic; V 2 R, vasopressin type 2 receptor;
VSM, vascular smooth muscle.
Notes :“b arr1/2” indicates that it is currently not known which b arr isoform exerts the effect in question; “?” indicates unknown, not investigated, or not completely clarified.