The Role of Arrestins in Visual and Disease Processes of the Eye - Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science - page 235

CHAPTER TEN

The Role of Arrestins in Visual and
Disease Processes of the Eye

W. Clay Smith
Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA

Contents
1. Visual Arrestin Nomenclature 244

2. The Function of Visual Arrestins in Quenching Phototransduction 244

3. Splice Variants of Arrestin1 245

4. Arrestins in Cone Photoreceptors 246

5. Translocation of Visual Arrestins 247

6. New Roles for Arrestin1 in the Retina 252

6.1 Microtubules 253

6.2 Kinases 254

6.3 Ubiquitin ligases 254

6.4 Calmodulin 255

6.5 N -ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor 255

6.6 Enolase1 256

7. Arrestins in Disease Processes in the Eye 257

7.1 Oguchi disease 257

7.2 Retinitis pigmentosa 258

7.3 Autoimmune diseases 258

8. The Future for Visual Arrestins 259

References 259

Abstract
Visual arrestins are well known for their function in quenching the phototransduction
process in rods and cones. Perhaps not as well known is their participation in multiple
other processes in the normal and disease states of the eye. This chapter covers the
range of the known functions of the visual arrestins, beginning with their classical role
in quenching light-activated visual pigments. The role of visual arrestins is also reviewed
from the perspective of their dynamic mobility whereby they redistribute significantly
between the compartments of highly polarized photoreceptor cells. Additional roles of
the visual arrestins are also reviewed based on new interacting partners that have been
discovered over the past decade. Finally, the contribution of the visual arrestins to
diseases of the visual system is explored.