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Ld
() () () (1 ()) ()
LOS
=
α
dL d
+-
α
d L d
NLOS
=
í
exp{ (
--
da b da
) /
}
if
≥
f
f
f
α
()
d
1 if
da
<
î
f
λ =
cf
/
=
0.143 m;
for urban areas,
a
=
5 m;
b
=
35 m
f
f
a
PPR vs Distance
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
X = 64
Y = 0.5161
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Distance in metres
b
200
Plot ppr vs distance
1
180
0.9
160
0.8
140
0.7
120
100
0.6
80
0.5
60
0.4
40
20
0.3
0
0.2
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0.1
0
Distance in metres in x-axis
Fig. 7.1
A plot of the probability of packet reception against range in meters from a transmitting
node for the model of [
4
]
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