Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
economic obstacles to access posed by the agreement on trade-related aspects
of Intellectual Property (TRIPS) set out by the World Trade Organization (wto),
the contestation of price reductions by multinational pharmaceutical companies
and their host governments, and governments' denial of aIDS medicines. In South
africa primary human rights battles over aIDS medicines show the contingent legal,
social, and political variables that can determine the efficacy of this right. Using
international legal compliance theories that debate whether actors comply with
norms because they are coerced or persuaded into doing so, Forman suggests that
the persuasive power of this right derives from its normative status in international
law, amplified by rights discourse, advocacy, social mobilisation, and the devastating
consequences of HIv/aIDS. However, rights-related persuasion is less effective
and public coercion is necessary where powerful actors have entrenched economic
or political interests. while litigation is a traditionally coercive legal tool, public
pressure and moral shaming can be similarly coercive. when actors can maximise
both the coercive and persuasive force of the right to medicines, they may be able to
overcome legal and political obstacles to access.
Part v, 'conducting campaigns against chronic Illness: Polio and tobacco',
begins with chapter 11 on 'rotary International and eradicating Polio'. robert
Scott, wilfrid wilkinson, and John eberhard use rotary International's longstanding
global polio eradication efforts to illustrate how community service organisations
can be major agents of change. the global polio eradication movement began in
the 1950s with the development of two safe, effective, inexpensive vaccines. Since
then great strides have been made through a collaborative effort involving multiple
actors from several disciplines. the global eradication of a dreaded childhood disease
now appears within reach. rotary International, a large network of community
service organisations composed of business and professional leaders from various
backgrounds, has managed successfully to keep polio eradication on the agenda of
governments for more than 20 years. rotary's PolioPlus programme, established in
1985, has raised hundreds of millions of dollars to fund immunisation campaigns in
125 countries and mobilised more than 1 million volunteers. rotary has successfully
partnered with governments, Un agencies, and multilateral organisations. through
networking and its capacity to cooperate, it has kept political apathy at bay and kept
the issue of polio on the agendas of individuals who have the ability to influence
outcomes.
In chapter 12, 'Globalisation and the Politics of Health Governance: the
Framework convention on tobacco control', Jeff collin and Kelly lee focus on
the Framework convention on tobacco control (Fctc), the WHO's first attempt
to exercise its authority to negotiate an international public health treaty. while the
final text of the convention provides a more impressive policy template than many
health advocates had expected, the significance of the FCTC lies primarily in the
process of its negotiation. the chapter examines the political dynamics of the Fctc,
highlighting the leadership role of developing countries, support among international
organisations, a partial opening to civil society, and the efforts of tobacco companies
to influence the process. The FCTC constitutes an explicit response to globalisation
 
 
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