Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
added to the list. virtually all of them have been important innovators in recent
years. Standing out are the wHo itself, the G8, the association of South east asian
Nations (ASEAN), and the many disease-specific multi-stakeholder initiatives. The
World Trade Organization (WTO), the world bank, and the Un are increasingly
involved. as these initiatives highlight, innovation in global health governance has
become a multiple-source, multi-level affair.
Actions
this large number and broad array of innovating actors has generated an ever
greater number and type of innovations. appendices 16-4, 16-5, and 16-6 provide
an inventory of the innovations cited in this topic. This ield includes individual
instruments, ranging from physical inventions such as the advent of new medicines
to policy innovations, including developments in international law, techniques of
summit leadership, and resource mobilisation. these innovations have extended into
the high politics of war and peace. Innovation has arisen in more embedded form in
the institutions of global health governance, at the international, national, and sub-
national levels. It is also evident in the private and civil society sectors, including the
rise of voluntary standards, and in the media, with the spread of the internet.
Perhaps the greatest outburst has come in the realm of ideas that have been
newly crafted and have had a global appeal. as appendix 16-7 indicates, ideational
innovation has come in the new linkage forged between health and a broad array
of other values, including peace and security. there has been a real if incomplete
revolution in priorities, as health has progressively been given equality and precedence
over other social, economic, and trade values, and even conflict. Along with this
rearrangement of priorities in these newly forged relationships has come a host of
new principles, embracing specific to general definitions of rectitude and ranging
from process to substantive. also evident but still modest have been innovations in
the creation and acceptance of health as a right and as a responsibility. and the world
is only beginning to define new concepts such as health as a global public good,
global health security, and heath diplomacy.
Targets
the targets of these innovations have been behind and at the borders of both
originating and destination states. they have increasingly aimed to deal with the
disease at its source. There has been a move from point-specific, local, single,
instrumental measures to global, systemic ones. this move to confront the challenge
at the source was seen in SarS the case of when the wHo sent its own teams into
china to assess the government's containment measures there. action in the national
court system was important in improving access to HIv/aIDS medicines in South
africa, as Forman describes.
at the same time, efforts at the border to improve screening and impose trade
sanctions remain relevant. Innovation in holistic global approaches is only just
