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A Zn
2+
chelators-Zn
2+
-dependent enhancement
Zn
Phosphorylation
P
Peptide substrate
B Zn
2+
DPA receptors for detection of phosphopeptides—hybrid biosensor
Recognition of
phosphorylated
peptide substrate
P
Peptide
P
WW
domain
C Lanthanide sensors
Ln
Sensitizer
Phosphorylation
P
Peptide substrate
Luminescence
sensitizer
Energy transfer
Figure 6.10 Metal-ion-induced fluorescence: Zn
2
þ
and lanthanides. (A) Zn
2
þ
chelators
—
Zn
2
þ
-dependent enhancement of fluorescence.
139
(B) Zn
2
þ
-DPA receptors for detec-
tion of phosphopeptides—hybrid biosensor between a phosphopeptide-binding
domain (WW) and a fluorescent Zn
2
þ
-DPA chemosensor that binds phosphate through
cooperative recognition.
124
(C) Lanthanide sensors.
140
(D) Kinase biosensor including a
recognition domain for Src and Abl, a carbostyril group that acts as a luminescence sen-
sitizer, and an iminodiacetate-chelating moiety.
125
strategy was employed to generate a fluorescent “self-reporting” peptide
biosensor of protein tyrosine kinase Src, in which the phosphorylatable
tyrosine directly quenches the fluorescence of a proximal dye (pyrene) until
phosphorylation of tyrosine disrupts the stacking interaction, thereby releas-
ing the fluorophore and promoting full enhancement of fluorescence
126
(
Fig. 6.11A
). Further variants of this biosensor were then successfully devel-
oped for applications
in cellulo
, through incorporation of Cascade Yellow,
Cascade Blue, or Oregon Green.
127
More recently, two orthogonal biosen-
sors of Lyn and Abl kinases bearing Cascade Yellow and Oxazine were de-
veloped and successfully applied to visualize these kinases in chronic
myelogenous leukemia (CML) drug-resistant cell lines.
128
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