Fluorescent Sensors of Protein Kinases: From Basics to Biomedical Applications - Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science - page 244

Table 6.3 Fluorescent peptide and protein biosensors of protein kinases—cont'd
Protein kinase

Biosensor features Author and year Reference

Green/14-3-3 phosphoserine
binding domain

PKA, PKC, p38,
MAPKAP K2,
Akt, Erk1, Src

Micelle/auto-assembly Sun et al. (2005) 131

Ratio metric strategies

PKA Single probe/wavelength shift/

phosphorylation-sensitive Cd
(II)-cylcen aminocoumarin

Kikuchi et al. 2009 132

Src Dual probe/merocyanine and

mCerulean

Gulyani et al.
(2011)

112

Photoactivatable biosensors

PKC NBD probe proximal to

phosphorylation site, caged
serine

Veldhuyzen et al.
(2003)

110

PKC beta NBD probe proximal to

phosphorylation site, caged
serine

Dai et al. (2007) 133

Src Self-reporting biosensor, caged

tyrosine

Wang et al. (2006) 127

when coupled to peptide biosensors for biological applications have been
readily characterized by several groups of chemists (see Ref. 105 and refer-
ences therein). Although most of these probes possess excellent photo-
physical properties for in vitro applications, their excitation and emission
wavelengths tend to be incompatible with in vivo applications. Notwith-
standing, several groups of chemists are currently devoting their effort to
synthesize environmentally sensitive red-shifted dyes with suitable proper-
ties for in vivo sensing applications.
Environmentally sensitive kinase biosensors constitute a unique class of sen-
sors in that they rely on changes in the environment of the fluorescent probe to
report on phosphorylation of the kinase biosensor. Different means have been
employed to achieve this goal: phosphorylation itself, phosphorylation-induced
conformational changes, and binding of

the phosphorylation site by a