Fluorescent Sensors of Protein Kinases: From Basics to Biomedical Applications - Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science - page 242

may be found in the original papers or in comprehensive reviews on this class
of sensors. 35-38,134-136

3.1. Environmentally sensitive kinase biosensors
Environment-sensitive fluorophores respond to changes in the polarity of
their environment. 105 A good probe will be poorly fluorescent in a fairly
polar aqueous solution but will become highly fluorescent in nonpolar sol-
vents or upon docking into a hydrophobic protein pocket or membrane.
Several solvatochromic dyes have been described in detail, and their features

Table 6.3 Fluorescent peptide and protein biosensors of protein kinases
Protein kinase Biosensor features Author and year Reference

Environmentally sensitive peptide
biosensors

PKC NBD probe proximal to

phosphorylation site

Yeh et al. (2002) 109

Veldhuyzen et al.
(2003)

PKC NBD probe proximal to

phosphorylation site, light
activatable

110

Src Phosphorylation-driven

protein-protein interaction,
based on an SH2 domain

Wang and
Lawrence (2005)

111

Src Merobody: fibronection

monobody conjugated to
merocyanine dye

Gulyani et al.
(2011)

112

Kurzawa et al.
(2011)

CDKSENS Reports on CDK/cyclin

abundance/cyanine probe

113

CDKACT Reports on CDK/cyclin

activity/WW phosphobinding
domain/cyanine probe

Van et al. (in
preparation)

114

Metal ion-induced and
chelation-enhanced fluorescence

Ca 2 þ dependent PKCalpha Chen et al. (2002) 115

PKA, PKC, Abl Mg 2 þ dependent, Sox based Shults et al. (2003),

Shults and Imperiali
(2003)

116,117

Continued