Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
suggested actions that extend beyond adaptive
management for climate change. A good example
is the use of riparian shade. The principles are
straightforward and involve either protecting
or planting riparian trees in ways that cool
summer thermal regimes (Broadmeadow
et al.
,
2011). In addition to this thermal damping
effect, other generic benefits include sediment
retention and bank stabilization (Larsen
et al.
,
2009); energetic subsidies provided by litter and
insects (Fausch
et al.
, 2010); increased trophic
diversity and increased secondary production
in woodland streams (I. Durance and S. J.
Ormerod, unpublished data); woody debris and
enhanced habitat heterogeneity (Piegay and
Gurnell, 1997), and nutrient retention and
denitrification (Ranalli and Macalady, 2010).
However, in the UK objections to riparian
tree-planting are made sometimes by interest
groups for landscape, angling, and even nature
conservation. We suggest that improved policy
instruments, for example linking catchment and
riparian restoration to climate change adaptation,
need
California 'Mediterranean' streams.
Freshwater Biology
52
: 2317-39.
Beche LA, Connors PG, Resh VH, Merenlender AM
(2009) Resilience of fishes and invertebrates to
prolonged drought in two California streams.
Ecography
32
: 778-88.
Bonada N, Doledec S, Statzner B (2007) Taxonomic and
biological trait differences of stream macroinvertebrate
communities
between
Mediterranean
and
temperate
regions:
implications
for
future
climatic
scenarios.
Global Change Biology
13
: 1658-71.
Boon PJ, Calow P, Petts GE (eds) (1992)
River Conservation
and Management
. John Wiley & Sons Ltd: Chichester.
Bradley DC, Ormerod SJ (2001) Community persistence
among upland stream invertebrates tracks the North
Atlantic
Oscillation.
Journal of Animal Ecology
70
:
987-96.
Britton JR, Cucherousset J, Davies GD, Godard MJ,
Copp GH (2010) Non-native fishes and climate change:
predicting species responses to warming temperatures
in a temperate region.
Freshwater Biology
55
: 1130-41.
Broadmeadow S, Jones JG, Langford TEL, Shaw PJ,
Nisbet T (2011) The influence of riparian shade
on lowland stream water temperatures in southern
lowland England and their viability for brown trout.
River Research and Applications
27
: 226-37.
Brown LE, Hannah DM, Milner AM (2007) Vulnerability
of alpine stream biodiversity to shrinking glaciers and
snowpacks.
Global Change Biology
13
: 958-66.
Burgmer T, Hillebrand H, Pfenninger M (2007) Effects
of climate-driven temperature changes on the diversity
of freshwater macroinvertebrates.
Oecologia
151
: 93-
103.
Caissie D (2006) The thermal regime of rivers: a review.
Freshwater Biology
51
: 1389-1406.
Caruso BS (2001) Regional river flow, water quality,
aquatic ecological impacts and recovery from drought.
Hydrological Sciences Journal
46
: 677-99.
Caruso BS (2002) Temporal and spatial patterns of
extreme low flows and effects on stream ecosystems in
Otago, New Zealand.
Journal of Hydrology
257
: 115-33.
Cattaneo A, Cloutier L, Methot G (2004) The response
of invertebrates in moss and in gravel to water level
fluctuations in a Quebec stream.
Archiv f ur Hydrobiologie
161
: 21-43.
Chessman BC (2010) Climatic changes and 13-year trends
in stream macroinvertebrate assemblages in New South
Wales, Australia.
Global Change Biology
15
: 2791-2802.
Chikita
better
development,
underpinned
by
experimental
evidence,
and
with
benefits
that
can be demonstrated operationally.
Acknowledgements
We thank Dr Mark Diamond for comments
on this contribution, and Prof Bruce Webb for
his comments on the sections involving stream
temperatures. ID was supported by the Daphne
Jackson
Trust,
Natural
Environment
Research
Council and Leverhulme Trust.
References
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Parameters
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the
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