Load Matching, Grid Interaction, and Advanced Control - Modeling, Design, and Optimization of Net-Zero Energy Buildings - page 331

Notes
1. The wording “load mismatch” is discouraged since it suggests that a
difference between load and generation always has a negative
connotation.
2. In demand response schemes, applied in residential and commercial
buildings, the electric utility sends a request directly to the appliances or
equipment of their customers during periods of high demand.
3. In some Canadian regions, where the price of electricity is very low,
electric heating is common.
4. The case of DHW is so relevant for the main electric utility in Québec that
it prompted the development of a water tank with three heating elements
(Laperrière et al. , 2009). The heater at the bottom of the tank, sized at
800 W, provides heat nearly continuously. The top element, rated at 3.8
kW, supplies heat when hot water is needed as soon as possible.
5. Thermal modeling in building simulation tools includes non-linear
phenomena (e.g., radiative or convective heat transfer). However, linear
models are often a good approximation.
6. Inductors do not appear in thermal networks used for building modeling.
7. The notation B k is sometimes used for the backward shift operator
(Madsen, 2008). Time Series Analysis (Chapman & Hall/CRC):
8. Another important reason to choose low-order systems is that initial
conditions (i.e., the initial value of the state variables) must be provided.
This can be quite difficult when hundreds or thousands of states are
involved, as in a building simulation tool.
References
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE) (2005) Handbook of Fundamentals , American
Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air,-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta,
USA.