Load Matching, Grid Interaction, and Advanced Control - Modeling, Design, and Optimization of Net-Zero Energy Buildings - page 299

generated by a group of buildings will be a function of the expected weather.
Inagridwithrenewableenergy,theexpectedoutputofwindorphotovoltaic
generators can also be taken into account.
The building automation system (BAS) of a smart building can also make
use of energy price information from the smart grid, along with weather
and occupant forecasts, to determine the best strategy for its own energy
management problem, concerning decisions about the charge or discharge
of energy storage devices, temperature set-points, schedules for charging
or discharging electric vehicles, appliance usage, and so on. The BAS will
also decide whether it is convenient to sell the power generated by
building-integrated renewables or to use it internally.
It is still a matter of debate whether the smart grid should be able to directly
intervene in the operation of the building systems (as in demand response
schemes 2) ) , provide pricing signals or power constraints to the BAS to
enable it to make its own decisions, or apply a combination of both
approaches. The answer will likely depend on the particularities of each
jurisdiction.
Smart meters - which permit two-way, near real-time communication
between a building and the grid - are one of the technologies enabling the
migration toward advanced load management strategies in commercial and
residential buildings. In contrast with conventional meters, which record
only cumulative values, smart meters permit obtaining real time pricing
signals for the BAS, thus providing clear information about incentives.
Energy storage technologies, either electric or thermal, are a major
technology driver for load management. Energy storage allows planning the
useofenergy resources over time. Increasing thecapacity forenergy storage
significantly adds to the potential of advanced control strategies to improve
the system performance.
Building-integrated or on-site renewable energies (always required in Net
ZEBs) are another technology factor driving the evolution toward advanced
load management strategies.