Building Performance Optimization of Net Zero-Energy Buildings - Modeling, Design, and Optimization of Net-Zero Energy Buildings - page 279

Design
Parameters

Physical
Quantities

Possible Alternatives

Opening pivoted
windows

Percentage
of the
window area
open (%)

0; 100.

Opening double-leaf
windows

Percentage
of the
window area
open (%)

0; 50; 100.

The optimization engine GenOpt release 3.1.0 was used to minimize
specified seasonal thermal discomfort objectives. The Long-term
PercentageofDissatisfied (LPD)intheASHRAEadaptiveversion(Carlucci,
2013) is used to quantify predicted long-term thermal discomfort by a
weighted average of discomfort over the thermal zones and over time.

(5.6)

where t is the counter for the time step of the calculation period, T is the last
progressive time step of the calculation period, z is the counter for the zones
of a building, Z is the total number of the zones, p z,t is the zone occupation
rate at a certain time step, h t is the duration of a calculation time step (e.g.,
1 h) and ALD z,t is the ASHRAE Likelihood of Dissatisfied calculated inside a
certain zone at a certain time step, given by the equation

(5.7)

where Δ T op is the absolute value of the difference between the indoor
operative temperature and the optimal comfort temperature calculated
according to the ASHRAE adaptive model. This index, calculated for
summer and winter, constitutes the two objective functions of the
optimization problem.

Assuming a preference for building variants that minimize their distance
from the optimum , scalarization is used to solve the bi-objective