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Politeness
Politeness is one of a number of indicators of the way subjects experience
the system. The difference between system and users in using personal
pronouns and politeness particles was another example for the fi nding
that most users do not try to build rapport with the system on the level
of lexical choices. As with other subgroups of subjects, the following
questions have to be further investigated: Were there differences
in the overall dialog success or failure between the 'normal' and
the 'polite' users? Were there correlations between user politeness,
socio-demographic data, and those personality traits measured using
psychometric questionnaires?
6. Changes in Speech Behavior System
Controlled Intervention
6.1 Motivation
In order to communicate meaningfully, certain necessary conditions
for language must be met, amongst which is the assumption that the
object of the communication is conscious (Stroud, 1999). Intentionality
can be examined, like all states of consciousness, through introspection,
but is also reflected in the language produced by a speaker. Therefore,
the analysis of language features can provide additional information
about the relations between the subject, a target object (which can
be with or without consciousness), and the context within which
the communication occurs. However, it is unclear which particular
language features correspond to whatever is ascribed. In this section,
attention turns towards two linguistic phenomena: informal vs.
formal language styles and user-initiated voice overlaps. Informal
language, defined only in that it is not the fully formal form of the
given language, can be understood in the broadest sense as dialectal
linguistic behavior. Linke (1996) described dialects as coded alienations
of linguistic form. People who are able to speak both dialectal and
formal language show a rudimentary form of multilingualism. The
switching between different language forms is called code-switching
(Denkler, 2007). This is understood to be an expression of increased
emotion or increased arousal (Dewaele, 2010; Grosjean, 2001). At this
point, it should be emphasized that this does not necessarily mean
that code-switching is always an indicator of increased emotion.
Overlapping utterances in interactions can be seen as an expression
of a high involvement style (Tannen, 1984). Empirical studies have
shown that overlaps are an expression of involvement (Murata, 1994; Li
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