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prompted, but may not make them when instructed not to do so (Mar
and Macrae, 2007).
If the objective is to systematically and empirically examine the
way in which users ascribe personality towards computers and how
this changes in reaction to different conditions of an interaction, there
are four points that are, in our opinion, particularly relevant:
developing a suitable experiment that is standardized to a large
extent, to guarantee the comparability of user-specific results,
which by design allows many opportunities for user ascriptions
based on an experimental scenario, thus guaranteeing high
involvement of the subjects, and is realistic and challenging;
a sample which makes it possible to check the effects of age, sex,
and education;
suitable methods for identifying users' ascriptions during the
interaction, which supplement studies based on self-report
methods or neuroimaging;
a design containing system interventions, which makes it possible
to examine possible changes in users' ascriptions as a result of
these interventions.
3.2 LAST MINUTE: A WoZ research project
This research project aims at a systematic empirical investigation of
users when ascribing in HCI, and at possible changes in these as a
result of an affect-oriented system intervention. Therefore, we tried to
meet the requirements explained above for a suitable study design. Our
study was based on a WoZ experiment wherein a subject interacts with
a simulated computer system that is operated by a hidden experimenter
(operator) (Gibbon et al., 1997). The first part of our results deals with
the linguistic aspects of user utterances during this experiment, thus
allowing for conclusions on how subjects experienced the system, and
for further discussion of the indirect conclusions from user ascriptions.
Next, changes in linguistic features are highlighted following the
system's intervention. We finish with the results from analyzing
the semi-structured interviews conducted as a subsample after the
experiment. These interviews attempted to examine the subjective
experience of the entire interaction, as well as the identification of
the ascriptions which occurred during the interactions; furthermore,
this was also investigated in regards to the intervention. The central
result is the uncertainty experienced regarding the expectations of
the simulated system, in particular regarding the ascriptions towards
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