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social roles, the two types of functions give rise to the commitments
and obligations connected with the roles of main communicator
(speaker) and co-communicator (listener) for all participants as they
alternate between these two roles. See Table 5.
Table 5.
Dynamics of dialog: Two cog wheels linking into each other.
Expressive
Expressive
Reactive/
Responsive
Contribution 1
Evocative
Reactive/
Responsive
Contribution 2
Evocative
Referential
Referential
Communicator
Obligations and
commitments
Co-
communicator
Evaluation
obligations
An example of the functions is given below in a short exchange
of two contributions between A and B, waiting for the bus on a rainy
morning
A:
always raining in Gothenburg
B:
(nodding) mm yeah it is
(depressed)
We start by analyzing A's contribution
(i)
Reactive/responsive
: Since this is the first contribution, there is no
previous contribution to respond to. However, one might say
that A's contribution is a response to the situation at hand with
B present as a potential co-communicator.
(ii)
Expressive
: A is making a predication, which in this particular
situation functions as a statement expressing A's belief about
the weather (belief is an epistemic attitude).
(iii)
Referential
: A refers implicitly, through the predication, to the
meteorological situation.
(iv)
Evocative
: The evocative functions of A's contribution can be
described as Contact, Perception, Understanding (CPU) and
sharing of belief, i.e. by making the contribution, A is seeking
contact with B by attempting to make B perceive, understand
and share the belief expressed by A's contribution.
Besides the orientation functions of A's contribution, A is also
creating a normative relation with B, which can be described as
follows: Being a speaker, A considers B cognitively and ethically,
considering questions like: Does A really want to contact B?, Is it ok
to contact B?, Will B be able to understand? Over and above these
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