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Table 1.
Structure and functions of human communication.
Communicative acts
Referential content
Expressed attitude
Main Message (MM)
Turn management
Feedback
Sequences
Communication management
Interactive Communication Management (ICM)
Choice
Change
Own Communication Management (OCM)
the affective-epistemic aspects. Features, connected with social identity
and personality, are more complex and can relate to any aspects.
The interactive communication management features help the
interlocutors to successively provide new contributions to be shared.
Turn management features help them coordinate their contributions
and collaborate in construction of joint content. Feedback processes
help them communicate successfully, making sure that they have
contact, perceive and understand each other's emotional-attitudinal
reactions and contributed content. The sequencing features help
them adjust communicative acts to each other in a relevant manner,
for example, giving answers to questions, answering expressions of
gratitude with expressions of generosity, etc.
Finally Own Communication Management (OCM) processes allow
interlocutors to keep their turn while planning (Choice function), for
example, by using hesitation words or prolonged duration of syllables
or gestures. OCM processes also allow speakers to change what they
have said or gestured when they feel the need for this, in such a way
that their interlocutor(s) can follow what is going on.
5. Multimodal Communication
As we have already noted, face-to-face communication is multimodal.
What this means is that more than one of the sensory modalities and
more than one of the production modalities in Table 2 are involved.
Even if both perception and production can be multimodal, the basis
in multimodal communication is multimodal perception, so that in this
sense speech in face-to-face communication can be multimodal since
we can both hear and see the activity of the speech organs.
This means that content in face-to-face communication is shared
through use of multimodal contributions that normally consist
of at least vocal verbal elements (with phonology, morphology,
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