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Figure 1. The user interacts with a SAL agent. The corresponding video can be watched
here http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vrXhl0ismMo.
that it believes but at the same time refuses the speaker's message. In
order to display an appropriate backchannel signal according to the
agent's communicative functions, a lexicon has been defined. Such
a lexicon has been created through the perceptual studies described
earlier in this paper (see Section 3). The LIP module can also generate
backchannels of mimicry of some user's non-verbal behaviors, such
as head shake, nod and tilt, smile, raise of the eyebrows.
The authors are interested in this type of signals since several
studies have shown that mimicry, when not exaggerated to the point
of mocking, has several positive influences on interactions: it can make
the interaction an easier and more pleasant experience, improving the
feeling of engagement (Chartrand and Bargh, 1999; Cassell et al., 2001;
Chartrand et al., 2005).
5. Conclusion
A survey of the behavior performed by the listener engaged in a
dialogue with a speaker has been proposed in this chapter. The
investigation of such behavior is fundamental for developing ECA
systems able to sustain natural and successful interaction with users.
Several perceptual studies on backchannels displayed by virtual agents
have been presented. The aim of such evaluations is two-fold: on the
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