French Face-to-Face Interaction: Repetition as a Multimodal Resource - Coverbal Synchrony in Human-Machine Interaction - page 154

4.2 Lexical repetition
In the same way as for gesture repetition, for a lexical repetition to
be considered as repeated, different formal and functional criteria are
involved.
First of all, we proposed to formally define verbal repetition as
the production of a word or phrase that has already been uttered
by another speaker. We specify that too frequent words cannot be
considered as repeated, in order to avoid 'accidental' similarities in
discourse.
Annotations concerning lexical other-repetition were made in two
steps: a first automatic output, followed by a manual correction by
two experts. The first automatic stage, based on the transcription of
tokens, allows the detection of potential other-repetitions. It is based
on a set of rules and on relevance criteria themselves based on word
frequency (for each speaker). The rules were elaborated during a
previous study (Bigi et al., 2010).
A preliminary processing transforms words into lemmas, containing
no morphological mark of conjugation or plural. A set of two rules
is then applied on the data: Rule 1—An occurrence is accepted if
it contains one or more 'rare' words (the rarity is measured on the
vocabulary of the speaker who makes the repetition). Rule 2—An
occurrence which contains at least five words is accepted if the order
of words is strictly identical in both speakers' discourse.
The tool locates co-occurrences of relevant lemmas: the words
which were uttered by a speaker in an IPU, and by the other speaker
in a simultaneous or in a previous IPU.
Obviously, these formal criteria are not sufficient to only select
occurrences of other-repetition. Following Perrin et al. (2003), a
repetition has to have an ostensive character to be considered as a
real repetition (intention of quotation). Then only an expert analysis
enables to eliminate co-occurrences that are not other-repetitions. The
tool, however, greatly reduces the amount of time necessary for the
detection of repetitions. In a last step, two experts checked the speech
segments identified by the tool as possible repetitions on the basis of
formal criteria. Three hundred and fifty consensual cases were then
retained in the CID.
4.3 Prosodic repetition
In the same way as for gesture or lexical repetition, for a prosodic
pattern to be considered as repeated, the repetition and the model