A Framework for Emotions and Dispositions in Man-Companion Interaction - Coverbal Synchrony in Human-Machine Interaction - page 118

be anger and regression (helplessness). A subsequent action tendency
may be either approach or avoidance.
Conflict and ambivalence refer, in the man-companion interaction
context, to competing motives or action tendencies that can be triggered
by ambiguous or several stimuli. The desired objectives or goals (real or
imaginary) have either an appetence (the individual pays attention to
it) or an aversion (the individual does not pay attention to it). Since an
objective may trigger several appetences or several aversions or both, the
result for two objectives/goals, according to Miller (1959), is as follows:
1. Appetence-appetence conflict: Both objectives/goals are
considered positive,
2. Aversion-aversion conflict: Both objectives/goals are considered
negative or
3. Appetence-aversion conflict (ambivalence conflict): Both
objectives/goals are considered both, positive and negative.
Flow: If a dialogue behavior is mainly controlled by external stimuli
(references, reward), inner involvement decreases. To maintain a diffi cult,
task-related interaction with a technical system, the joy the activity
brings should be the motivator. Such states are often referred to as fl ow
(Keller et al., 2011).
4.3.3 Stable personality traits: Optimism, hardiness and a sense
of coherence, NEO-FFI, emotion regulation, and attribution style
Personality traits describe individual differences that affect emotions
and dispositions because they affect the perception of internal
and external events and their cognitive and emotional processing.
Processing introversion correlates with the intensity of the psychological
stimulation during negative emotions, the tendency not to show
emotions (suppression in ERQ) influences the reduction, the facial
expression, as well as increased psychophysiological reactivity (Traue
and Deighton, 2007). All cognition-related personality characteristics
such as need for cognition, attribution style, etc. will impact stimuli
and coping appraisals. The sociability scale of the NEO-FFI has a
strong impact on the social action tendencies, and scales such as
optimism, hardiness, coherence, etc. are important in coping with
stressful interactions (Traue et al., 2005).
Optimism is referred to as the positive general belief that one has enough
resources to cope with stress. It is not important that such “subjective
optimism” is justifi ed, but the mobilization of behaviors and cognitive
patterns enables the respective individuals to cope with diffi culties.