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to personal growth as per Bandura (2001) and Aubrey (2010)). These
include
5
:
Improving self-awareness and self-knowledge
Building or renewing identity
Developing strengths or talents/potential
Enhancing lifestyle or the quality of life
Improving health
Enhancing personal autonomy
Improving social abilities
Such needs can govern the intensive use of complex and socially
competent companions. With regard to deficit needs, companion
technologies can compensate for a lack of safety and order. Maslow
(1943) also lists belonging and
attention as important deficit needs.
Schuler and Prochaska (2000) distinguish between differentiated
primary motives, social motives (dominance, competition and
status orientation) and performance motives (e.g. commitment,
the willingness to put forth effort, and persistence). There is a
respective measuring instrument for this empirical motivation model
(
Leistungsmotivationsinventar [performance motivation inventory], LMI by
Schuler and Prochaska, 2000). In the available test version, the scales
included in the LMI refer to self-assessments and therefore allow
documentation of the cognitive context that a user brings with him/
her when engaging in a dialog with a companion. At the same time,
the scales can also be used to describe behavior characteristics in the
HCI because they describe action tendencies. Two scales from the
total of 17 personality variables of the performance motivation are
particularly relevant for tutorial applications. Persistence is defined
as perseverance and the use of energy with which tasks are handled.
Confidence in success describes the optimistic attitude toward difficult
tasks that the abilities, skills, and knowledge will successfully lead
to the desired goal.
4.3.2 Action Tendencies
Action tendencies are the result of imbalances of emotions and the
behavioral consequences of motives. For a companion technology, it is
therefore important to recognize changes of emotional components and
the subjective experience of the balance. Vigilance, selective attention,
approach/avoidance, interest, frustration and conflict/ambivalence
are companion-relevant action tendencies.
5
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_development
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