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significance, in which the individual assesses how the majority of
other group members will assess his/her actions. A distinction is
made here between internal and external standards. Internal standard
checks determine the extent to which an action corresponds, for
example, to one's personal self-image. In the external standard check,
the compatibility of an action with perceived standards is reviewed.
Leventhal and Scherer (1987) postulated that the evaluation
steps follow a fixed sequential order. This sequence supposition is
explained from system economics and logical dependencies. However,
the behavioral and subjective results of every step influence the next
cognitive evaluations which, in turn, influence the evaluation process
in the individual steps (shown by dashed arrows in Figure 2).
Since it can be shown that moods, emotions, motives, individual
personality differences and even cultural values and group pressure
greatly influence the result of cognitive evaluations, these determining
factors must also be taken into account by the modeling of user
emotions in companion sytems.
Table 3.
Emotion processing system on the sensory-motor, schematic, and the conceptual
level, according to Leventhal and Scherer (1987, p. 17).
Novelty
Pleasantness
Goal/Need
Conductiveness
Coping
Potential
Norm/
Self-
Compatibility
Sensory-
motor
Level
Sudden,
intensive
stimulation
Intrinsic
preferences/
aversions
Basic needs
Available
strength
Emphatic
adaptation
Schematic
Level
Familiarity:
Pattern
comparison
Learned
preferences/
aversions
Acquired needs
and motives
Body
schemata
Self/Social
schemata
Conceptual
Level
Expectations:
Cause/
Effect,
Probability
Remembered,
anticipated
or deducted
positive-
negative
assessments
Conscious goals
and plans
Problem-
solving
ability
Self-ideal,
moral
evaluation
Leventhal and Scherer (1987) present an emotion-processing
system, in which the evaluation process takes place on three different
levels: The sensory-motor, the schematic, and the conceptual level
(see Table 3). These three levels could also be aligned with the
evaluation processes of the sequential check of emotional stimuli. On
the sensory-motor level, the assessment of events takes place mainly
on a subconscious level based on intrinsic functions and reflexes. On
the schematic level, social, individually learned patterns are used to
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