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user via an interaction cycle. This is to prevent reactance as the result
of insufficient empathy.
3
Emotions and dispositions
4
comprise all psychobiological states that, at
varying degrees and complexities, infl uence the dialogue between a
human user and the companion as well as its functional use: Newness
and valence, core affect, discrete emotions, moods, motives, action
tendencies, and personality. Table 2 hypothetically describes several
criteria for the different emotions and dispositions. The time dynamics
for the situation assessment of valence (positive vs. negative) is very fast,
probably in the range of 200 ms. By contrast, a user's personality only
changes very gradually or not at all over months or years. The infl uence
on behavior management probably acts according to a U-function,
because the fast assessment of the valence has a strong infl uence on
behavior as well as personality. Moods and action tendencies have
less infl uence within this hypothetical model. The feedback strength
Table 2.
Hypothetic illustration of emotions and dispositions as well as characteristic
developments for dynamics, the strength of behavior management, feedback
strength, and complexity
Characteristics Emotions
and Dispositions
Dynamics
Impact on
Behavior
Control
Feedback
Strength
Complexity and
Operationalization
Newness and Valence
ms-s
Very high
Very high
Bi-modal and simple
Core Affect and Discrete
Emotions
s-min
High
Very high
Average and diffi cult
Moods
min-days
Average
High
Average and diffi cult
Action Tendencies
min-
hours
Average
High
High and diffi cult
Motives
hours-
months
High
Average
High and simple
Variable and Stable
Personality Traits
months-
years
High
Low
High and simple
3
However, it is quite possible to imagine situations in which a user expects decisive
interventions from the companion technology, or, for example, when the companion
technology is expected to avert danger. The prerequisite is an initiated dialogue
between human and companion, during which the realization of companion
characteristics is agreed upon (Bryson, 2010).
4
Disposition (v. lat.: disposition = distribution, allocation, structure, listing, plan).
In psychology, the term is used within the meaning of a readiness for (usually
pathological) reactions, but is mostly used as a common expression. According
to the general definition, which suits the term disposition as it is used within the
context of man-companion relationships is “the organized totality of the individual's
psychophysiological tendencies to react in a certain way” Chaplin, J.P. (1968, 1975)
Dictionary of Psychology. New York: Dell Publishing Co.
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