Planning and Developing Trails and Routes - Tourism and Trails: Cultural, Ecological and Management Issues - page 206

On trails with relatively steep inclines these respite locations are particularly
important and may encourage even the less-fit population to participate in
outdoor activities.
Along most hiking and cycling pathways, except those with a strong
backwoods theme where users desire to be isolated from signs of humanity,
amenities are an important part of rest areas (Settina & Kauffman, 2001). In
most natural settings, rest-related amenities are built with environmental
aesthetics in mind, so that they do not detract from the encounter with
nature. As well, construction materials should remain as authentic as possi-
ble in relation to the natural or historical features of the trail (Brown &
Barter, 2004). Trail agencies must make important decisions about which
types of amenities to provide and at what scale. Where possible, drinking
fountains can provide rejuvenating water. Benches provide opportunities to
relax and socialize. Shade, either from trees or constructed canopies, affords
a cool respite from the sun (Hall, 1991). Again, the degree of amenity provi-
sion and the types offered will depend on the target audience and the goals
of the trail itself.
Physical access and accessibility
Accessibility is another element of design that requires careful consider-
ation and planning. Access can be seen from at least two perspectives: physi-
cal access to the route by the general public and accessibility for all, including
people with physical disabilities.
According to Settina and Kauffman (2001: 96), the locations and designs
of 'put-in' and 'take-out' points on water trails can influence not only the
visitor experience but can also help mitigate user conflicts and environmen-
tal impacts. According to their assessment, fewer access points and greater
distances between them cater more to long-term expedition seekers, whereas
numerous and closer entry and exit sites encourage day use and less-experi-
enced water- and land-based users. It is also important to consider different
sorts of consumers. Motorboats and sailboats have different access needs
than do canoes and rowboats. Paddlers typically require closer distances
between put-in and take-out points than powerboats do. Water trail landing
and launching sites for canoes and kayaks need softer landing surfaces
(e.g. grass or sand) with moderate slopes into the water, whereas other boat-
ers may be able to handle concrete or rocks better than canoes can. Ideally,
the incorporation of these special launch and landing positions can be inte-
grated into extant launching areas (Settina & Kauffman, 2001: 96).
At a larger scale, scenic byways and themed routes also require careful
design but at a different level and in different ways. Nowers et al. (2002: 203)
identified several guidelines that can help the success of wine routes and
other themed cultural itineraries. First, the route ought to be accessible from
all directions. This will help create a wider market base and reduce the