Geology Reference
In-Depth Information
17.2 Carbonate-Hosted Mineral
Deposits
Lidz, B.H. (ed., 1987): Reservoir sedimentology. - Society
of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special
Publication,
40
, 357 pp.
Longman, M.W. (1981): Carbonate diagenesis as a control
on stratigraphic traps (with examples from the Williston
Basin). - American Association of Petroleum Geologists,
Education Course Note Series,
21
, 159 pp.
Lucia, F.J. (1983): Petrophysical parameters estimated from
visual descriptions of carbonate rocks: a field classifica-
tion of carbonate pore space. - Journal of Petroleum Tech-
nology,
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, 629-637
Lucia, F.J. (1995): Rock-fabric/petrophysical classification
of carbonate pore space for reservoir characterization. -
American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin,
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, 1275-1300
Lucia, F.J. (1999): Carbonate reservoir characterization. -
226 pp., Berlin (Springer)
Maliva, R.G., Dickson, J.A.D. (1992): Microfacies and dia-
genetic controls of porosity in Cretaceous/Tertiary chalks,
Eldfisk Field, Norwegian North Sea. - American Asso-
ciation of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin,
76
, 1825-1838
Mazzullo, S.J. (ed., 1980): Stratigraphic traps in carbonate
rocks. - American Association of Petroleum Geologists,
Reprint Series,
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, 217 pp.
Mazzullo, S.J. (1992): Geochemical and neomorphic alter-
ation of dolomite: a review. - Carbonates and Evaporites,
7
, 21-37
Moore, C.H. (2001): Carbonate reservoirs. Porosity evolu-
tion and diagenesis in a sequence stratigraphic framework.
- Developments in Sedimentology,
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, 460 pp., Amster-
dam (Elsevier)
Pickett, G.R. (1977): Recognition of environment and car-
bonate rock type identification. - Formation Evaluation
Manual Unit II, section Exploration Well, 4-25, Oil and
Gas Consultants International Inc.
Pöppelreiter, M. (2002): Facies, cyclicities and reservoir prop-
erties of the Lower Muschelkalk (Middle Triassic) in the
NE Netherlands. - Facies,
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, 119-132
Purdy, E.G., Waltham, D. (1999): Reservoir implications of
modern karst topography. - American Association of Pe-
troleum Geology, Bulletin,
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, 1774-1794
Reeckman, A., Friedman, G.M. (1982): Exploration for car-
bonate petroleum reservoirs. - 213 pp., New York (Wiley)
Roehl, P.O., Choquette, P.W. (eds., 1985): Carbonate petro-
leum reservoirs. - 622 pp., New York (Springer)
Schlager, W., Biddle, K.T., Stafleu, J. (1991): Picco di
Vallandro (Dürrenstein) - a platform-basin transition in
outcrop and seismic model. - Dolomieu Conference on
Carbonate Platforms and Dolomitization, Guidebook,
Excursion E, 22 pp.
Scholle, P.A. (1977): Deposition, diagenesis and hydrocar-
bon potential of 'deeper-water' limestones. - American
Association of Petroleum Geologists, Continuing Educa-
tion Course Note Series,
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, 25 pp.
Vahrenkamp, V., Grötsch, J. (1994): 3D architecture model
of a Lower Cretaceous carbonate reservoir: Al Huwaisah
field, Sultanate of Oman. - Geo'94, The Middle East Pe-
troleum Geosciences, vol. II, 901-913
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SEPM, Special Publication,
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Further reading:
K073, K074, K075, K076 (porosity), K160
(log evaluation), K200 (carbonate hydrocarbon reservoirs)
Carbonate rocks are host sediments for various ore
deposits occurring within sedimentary rocks, particu-
larly for lead-zinc, copper, manganese and iron miner-
alizations. Some of these mineralizations have been
already discussed including iron ooid deposits (Sect.
4.2.5), Pb-Zn-Fe mineralizations occurring at subaerial
exposure surfaces of carbonate platforms (Sect. 5.2.3),
mineralizations within carbonate breccias (Sect.
5.3.3.5) and those associated with stromatolites and
microbial carbonates (Sect. 9.1.5.2).
The following text concentrates on the controls of
carbonate depositional facies on mineral deposits and
underlines the potential of microfacies in the study of
sedimentary carbonate-hosted mineral deposits. These
deposits are strata-bound (ores that are bound to spe-
cific lithologies or specific stratigraphic units without
a textural correlation with the host rock), stratiform (ore
bodies showing textural correlation with the host rock),
or sedimentary (ores occurring within the sediment, e.g.
in cavities and exhibiting geopetal structures).
Age relationships between host rocks and mineral-
ization may show that the ore is younger (epigenetic)
or synchronous (syngenetic respectively syndepos-
itional/diagenetic) as compared with the host rock.
17.2.1 Ore Deposits and Carbonate Settings
Settings.
Syn- and epigenetic mineralizations in car-
bonates occur preferentially in:
•
Paleokarst settings
related to emersion phases and
recorded by major unconformities (e.g. Assereto et al.
1976; Boni et al. 1981; Rhodes et al. 1984; Sangster
1988; Glazek 1992; Sass-Gustkiewicz 1999).
•
Platform carbonates.
Syn- and epigenetic mineral-
izations in platform carbonates are known from vari-
ous parts of the world (e.g. Spalletta et al. 1981; De
Voto 1988). Syngenetic mineralizations (usually Pb-
Zn and Fe-Mn) took place in tidal and subtidal carbon-
ates. The specific paleogeographic positions of the plat-
forms, the input of connate waters and brines and de-
cay of organic matter are discussed as major controls
on metal accumulations in platform carbonates (e.g.
Fuchs 1981; Parnell et al. 1990). The source of fluids
containing metals in solution is explained as being bot-
tom waters of saline or dysoxic and anoxic intra- or
periplatform basins floating as metal-enriched brines
into adjacent platform carbonates and porous reef lime-
stones (e.g. Fan et al. 1999). Another possibility is the
remobilization and migration of older mineralizations.
