Geology Reference
In-Depth Information
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Further reading: K183, K195, K196
16.1.2 Carbonate Sequence Stratigraphy
The facies models described in Chap. 14 are limited
with regard to their predictive capacity by their static
view of time and relative sea-level changes. These dif-
ficulties can be overcome by models based on sequence
stratigraphy showing how depositional sequences and
systems tracts respond to lowstand, transgressive and
highstand conditions of relative sea level under humid
and arid conditions (Handford and Loucks 1993).
Definition. Sequence stratigraphy is defined as the
study of rock relationships within a chronostratigraphic
framework, where the succession of rocks is cyclic and
composed of genetically related stratal units (sequences
and systems tracts; Posamentier et al. 1988).
Seismic and sequence stratigraphy. Sequence
stratigraphy was born in the 1960's. It has its roots in
seismic stratigraphy that extracts stratigraphic infor-
mation from seismic data and inferred stratal geom-
etries from seismic-reflection patterns.
A relationship between the geologic rock record and
its seismic response can be recognized by comparing
the seismic record to cored drill holes and combining
this with seismic modeling (Fagin 1991). The link be-
tween geology and seismic images are the physical
properties of the rocks, in particular the acoustic im-
pedance.
Sonic velocity can be related to carbonate rock li-
thology and facies types (Rafavich et al. 1984; Wand
et al. 1991; Anselmetti and Eberli 1993; Kenter and
Ivanov 1995). Variations in sonic velocity are a result
of the combined effect of variations in depositional li-
thology and diagenetic alterations (Anselmetti and
Eberli 1993) also revealing distinct differences between
carbonates deposited on shallow-water platforms and
carbonates formed on slopes and in basins (Anselmetti
et al. 1997). For important papers see 'Basics'.
Sequence stratigraphy of carbonates
Sarg (1988) applied the sequence-stratigraphic
model, originally proposed by Vail et al. (1977) for si-
liciclastic sediments, to carbonate platforms and bank
margins. New sequence-stratigraphic models for car-
bonate shelves concern ramps, different types of plat-
forms (e.g. intracratonic or isolated platforms) and car-
bonate-evaporite basins (Calvet et al. 1990; Hunt and
Tucker 1993; Tucker et al. 1993). Recent overviews
on the state of carbonate sequence stratigraphy have
been given by Harris et al. (1999), Moore (2001) and
Schlager (2002).
Depositional bias: Sequence patterns are strongly
influenced by depositional bias (differences among
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