Geology Reference
In-Depth Information
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Further reading:
K111
developed for the Northern Calcareous Alps. Studies
in other parts of the Tethys (Carpathians, Sicily, Greece,
Oman, Papua New Guinea) confirmed the general use-
fulness of the method in facies studies of outcrop and
subsurface samples. Fig. 14.13 and Pl. 111 show the
potential of foraminiferal patterns in distinguishing reef
environments and adjacent areas.
Tethyan Norian and Rhaetian platform and reef car-
bonates are characterized by specific foraminiferal as-
semblages. The distribution was controlled by substrate
conditions and salinity, nutrient requirements, specific
life behavior, the topography of the depositional envi-
ronment, water depth, and light.
The facies-diagnostic foraminifera shown in Pl. 111
are members of various high systematic units (see Sect.
10.2.2.1 for criteria). They include Textulariina char-
acterized by shells with agglutinated walls (Pl. 111/1,
9, 10, 13, 14, 18, 20), Miliolina with porcelaneous walls
(Pl. 111/2-8), Involutinina with hyaline aragonitic walls
(Pl. 111/15, 16, 17, 19, 22), Rotaliina with hyaline walls
Pl. 111/ 23) as well as Fusulinina with microgranular
walls (Pl. 111/11, 12, 21, 24).
The application of the method requires the follow-
ing steps:
•
Quantify the essential microfacies criteria (grain
types, fossils, micrite, intergranular cement).
•
Determine the foraminifera on a genus level, if pos-
sible on a species level.
•
Examine the frequency of the foraminifera by point-
counting, for both the whole sample and the skeletal
grains
•
Check the number of foraminiferal tests represent-
ing different genera and species within an area of
nine square centimeters. This area was successfully
used the studies of Triassic foraminifera. The shell
size and density of the shells in thin sections require
relatively large fields.
•
Evaluate the significance of the composition of fora-
miniferal assemblages using chi-square tests, clus-
ter or ordination analysis (Hohenegger 1974; Dullo
1980)!
•
Compare your results with the distribution patterns
described by Hohenegger and Piller (1975), Piller
(1978), Schäfer and Senowbari-Daryan (1981),
Gazdzicki (1983) and other relevant papers listed
under the Code K111!
Basics: Biotic zonation patterns
Geel, T. (2000):
Recognition of stratigraphic sequences in
carbonate platform and slope deposits: empirical models
