Geology Reference
In-Depth Information
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Further reading:
K021, K210 (glacial carbonates)
2.4.5 Deep-Marine Environments
2.4.5.1 Settings
Oceanic deep-marine settings beyond the shelf break
bordering pericontinental shelves include the slope, the
base-of-slope and continental rise, the abyssal plains,
mid-oceanic ridges, oceanic rises and volcanic sea-
mounts, as well as deep-sea trenches. Deep-marine en-
vironments, however, also comprise parts of the deeper
areas of peri- and epicontinental open shelves and of
outer ramps, lying below the storm wave water base,
and below the lower boundary of the well-lit zone.
The bottom of the modern oceans comprises three
bathymetrically defined zones (Fig. 2.2; Box 2.6). The
bathyal zone lies to the seaward of the shallower sub-
tidal shelf zone and landward of the deeper abyssal
zone. The upper limit is marked by the edge of the con-
tinental shelf. The abyssal zone seaward of the bathyal
zone covers approximately 75% of the total ocean floor.
It pertains the nearly flat deep-sea plains. Abyssal plains
are usually covered by thin deposits of pelagic ooze or
distal turbidites. The lower limit of the zone is bathy-
metrically only loosely defined. The deepest area of
the sea bottom, the hadal zone, lies specifically within
the deep-sea trenches below the general level of the
abyssal zone, in depths between >6 000 and more than
10 000 m. These marginal trenches are narrow, steep-
sided troughs running parallel to continental margins
at seaward base of a continental platform.
