Geology Reference
In-Depth Information
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Freiwald, A., Henrich, R., Pätzold, J. (1997): Anatomy of a
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Halfar, J., Godinez-Orta, L., Ingle, J.C. (2000): Microfacies
ates is an important tool in reconstructing paleocli-
mate and paleolatitudes. Classical concepts, based
on grain associations (e.g. foramol, Sect. 12.2) must
be refined, taking into account not only temperature
and salinity as major controls on carbonate compo-
sition, but also the negative influence of terrigenous
input as well as the importance of food supply, bio-
genic interactions e.g. food transfer from seasonal
plankton blooms to benthic communities (bentho-
pelagic coupling) and variable oceanic configura-
tions (Betzler 1995). In addition, differentiation be-
tween cold-water and tropical carbonates is compli-
cated by the fact that the occurrence and distribu-
tion of cold-water carbonates are controlled not only
by lateral latitudes but also by the change in warm
to cold conditions along downslope profiles
(Carannante et al. 1988). These bathymetrically con-
trolled changes may occur at any latitude and need
further study.
3
In contrast to modern tropical carbonates, composed
predominantly of aragonite and Mg-calcite, many
Phanerozoic limestones are formed from calcite-
dominated carbonates. Modern cold-water carbon-
ates, therefore, may be good analogues for ancient
shelf limestones, e.g. from the Paleozoic or Jurassic
(James and Bone 1989, 1991; James and von der
Borch, 1991; James et al. 1992).
4
Diagenesis and reservoir potential: It is generally
assumed that sea-floor and meteoric cementation are
very limited in cool-water carbonates as compared
with tropical warm-water carbonates. Carbonate
minerals are predominantly High-Mg calcite (and
minor aragonite) in shallow warm temperate carbon-
ates and High-Mg to Low-Mg calcites in cool tem-
perate carbonates. The mineralogical composition
is controlled by water temperatures and water depths.
Carbonate saturation of sea water in non-tropical set-
tings is less pronounced or even undersaturated
(Opdyke and Wilkinson 1990). Diagenesis, there-
fore, is predominantly destructive (Alexandersson
1978). Compared to tropical shallow-marine carbon-
ates the diagenetic potential is low and sediments
may remain essentially unlithified for a long period
of time. Nevertheless, intraskeletal and intergranu-
lar carbonate cementation can be common in some
temperate and cold-water carbonates (Rao 1996;
James et al. 1992, 1994; Henrich and Freiwald 1995).
Basics: Modern nontropical temperate and polar car
bonates
Andruleit, H., Freiwald, A., Schäfer, P. (1996): Bioclastic car-
bonate sediments on the southwestern Svalbard shelf. -
Marine Geology,
134
, 163-182
Bader, B. (2001): Modern Bryomol-sediments in a cool-wa-
