Geology Reference
In-Depth Information
*Mostler, H. (1976): Poriferenspiculae aus der alpinen Trias.
- Geologisch-Paläontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck,
6 , 1-42
Mostler, H. (1990): Hexactinellide Poriferen aus pelagischen
Kieselkalken (Unterer Lias, Nördliche Kalkalpen). - Geo-
logisch-Paläontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, 17 , 143-
178
Pisera, A. (2002): Fossil 'lithistids'. - In: Hooper, J.N.A.,
Van Soest, R.W.M. (eds.): Systema Porifera. A guide to
the classifications of sponges, 1. - 388-402, New York
(Kluwer Academic/Plenum)
*Rigby, J.K. (1995): Sponges as microfossils. - In: Blome,
C.D. (ed.): Siliceous microfossils. - Short Course in Pa-
leontology, 8 , 1-17 (The Paleontological Society)
Warnke, K. (1995): Calcification processes of siliceous
sponges in Viséan limestones (Counties Sligo and Lei-
trim, Northwestern Ireland). - Facies, 33 , 215-228
fied demosponges. - In: Reitner, J., Keupp, H. (eds.):
Fossil and recent sponges. - 322-340, Berlin (Springer)
Archaeocyaths
*Debrenne, F., Rozanov, A., Zhuravlev, A. (1990): Regular
archaeocyaths. Morphology, systematic, biostratigraphy,
paleogeography, biological affinities. - Cahiers de Palé-
ontologie, 218 pp.
*Debrenne, F., Zhuravlev, A. (1992): Irregular archaeo-
cyaths. Morphology, ontogeny, systematics, biostratig-
raphy, palaeoecology. - Cahiers de Paléontologie, 212 pp.
*Debrenne, F., Zhuravlev, A.Yu., Kruse, P.D. (2002): Class
Archaeocyatha Bornemann. - In: Hooper, J.N.A., Van
Soest, R.W.M. (eds.): Systema Porifera. A guide to the
classifications of sponges, 2. - 388-402, New York
(Kluwer Academic/Plenum)
Rowland, S.M., Gangloff, R.A. (1988): Structure and palaeo-
ecology of Lower Cambrian reefs. - Palaios, 3 , 111-135
Zhuravlev, A., Wood, R. (1995): Lower Cambrian reefal
cryptic communities. - Palaeontology, 38 , 443-470
Further reading: Sponges K114, siliceous sponges K115,
sphinctozoan and inozoan sponges K116, stromatoporoids
K117, chaetetid sponges K118, archaeocyaths K214
Coralline sponges, stromatoporoids and chaetetids
Hartman, W.D., Goreau, T.F. (1970): Jamaican coralline
sponges: their morphology, ecology and fossil relatives. -
Symposium of the Zoological Society London, 25 , 205-243
Reitner, J. (1992): 'Coralline Spongien'. Der Versuch einer
phylogenetisch-taxonomischen Analyse. - Berliner Geo-
wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, E, 1 , 1-352
Reitner, J., Wörheide, G. (2002): Non-lithistid fossil Demo-
spongiae. Origin of their paleobiodiversity and highlights
in the history of preservation. - In: Hooper, J.N.A., Van
Soest, R.W.M. (eds.): Systema Porifera. A guide to the
classifications of sponges, 1. - 52-68, New York (Kluwer
Academic/Plenum)
*Senowbari-Daryan, B. (1990): Die systematische Stellung
der thalamiden Schwämme und ihre Bedeutung in der
Erdgeschichte. - Münchner Geowissenschaftliche Ab-
handlungen, A, 21 , 1-326
Senowbari-Daryan, B., Garcia-Bellido, D.C. (2002): Fossil
'Sphinctozoa': chambered sponges (polyphyletic). - In:
Hooper, J.N.A., Van Soest, R.W.M. (eds.): Systema Por-
ifera. A guide to the classifications of sponges, 2. - 1511-
1533, New York (Kluwer Academic/Plenum )
*Stearn, C.W., Webby, B.D., Nestor, H., Stock, C.W. (1999):
Revisited classification and terminology of Palaeozoic
stromatoporoids. - Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 44 ,
1-70
*Turnsek, D., Buser, S., Ogorelec, B. (1981): An Upper Ju-
rassic reef complex from Slovenia. - In: Toomey, D.F.
(ed.): European fossil reef models. - Society of Economic
Paleontology and Mineralogy, Special Publications, 30 ,
361-369
*Turnsek, D., Masse, J.P. (1973): The lower Cretaceous Hy-
drozoa and Chaetetidae from Provence (south-eastern
France). - Slovenska Akademija Znanosti in Umetnosti,
Razprave, 16 , 217-244
Wendt, J. (1984): Skeletal and spicular mineralogy micro-
structure and diagenesis of coralline calcareous sponges.
- Palaeontographica Americana, 54 , 326-336
Wörheide, G. (1998): The reef cave dwelling ultraconser-
vative coralline demosponge Astrosclera willeyana Lister
1900 from the Indo-Pacific. - Facies, 38 , 1-88
Wood, R.A. (1987): Biology and revised system of some
late Mesozoic stromatoporoids. - Special Papers in
Palaeontology, 37 , 1-89
Wood, R.A. (1991): Non-spicular mineralization in calci-
10.2.3.2 Hydrozoans
If Paleozoic stromatoporoids and most Mesozoic fos-
sils previously described as 'hydrozoans' or 'stromato-
poroids' now are to be assigned to the sponges, the fos-
sil record of true calcareous hydrozoans found in thin
sections of limestones is meager and restricted to Cre-
taceous and Tertiary Milleporidae, Stylasteridae (Pl.
147/5), and some Hydractiniidae.
Still one hydrozoan candidate is Heterastridium , a
puzzling fossil known only from the Late Triassic and
occurring abundantly in open-marine limestones (Cuif
1971; Fig. 10.37).
Fig. 10.37. Heterastridium Reuss. The globular or nodular
fossil ranges in size between a few centimeters to tens of
centimeters. It consists of radially arranged tubes of differ-
ent morphology, some of which are reflected by pustules on
the surface. Mass occurrences of Heterastridium have been
described from Norian basinal limestones all over the Tethyan
ocean. The genus was considered to be a hydrozoan - but
who knows? Late Triassic (Nayband Formation, Norian):
Kuh-e-Nayband, central Iran. Courtesy of B. Senowbari-
Daryan (Erlangen).
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