Geology Reference
In-Depth Information
tolites and oncolites) in northern Switzerland. - Eclogae
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85
, 799-824
Hottinger, L. (1983): Neritic macroid genesis, an ecological
approach. - In: Peryt, T.M. (ed.): Coated grains. - 38-55,
Berlin (Springer)
Jones, B., Goodbody, Q.W. (1984): Biological factors in the
formation of quiet-water ooids. - Bulletin of the Cana-
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32
, 190-200
Kalkowsky, E. (1908): Oolith und Stromatolith im nord-
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, 68-125
Kobluk, D.R., Risk, M.J. (1977): Calcification of exposed
filaments of endolithic algae, micrite envelope formation
and sediment production. - Journal of Sedimentary Pe-
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, 517-528
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and environmental significance of algal stromatolites. -
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geography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology,
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Sedimentology,
22
, 497-538
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54
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, 551-580
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cold-temperate water multispecies rhodoliths in intertidal
gravel pools from Northern Brittany, France. - Sencken-
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26
, 51-71
Wignall, P.B., Twichett, R.J. (1999): Unusual intraclastic lime-
stones in Lower Triassic carbonates and their bearing on
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46
, 303-316
Further reading:
K081 (peloids), K084 (cortoids), K085 (on-
coids and rhodoids), K082 (ooids), K088 (pisoids and va-
doids), K083 (aggregate grains), K086 and K087 (intraclasts
and extraclasts).
4.3 Morphometry of Carbonate
Grains
Morphometrical criteria of sedimentary grains are help-
ful in evaluating aquatic and eolian transport processes.
Transported carbonate grains are characterized by mor-
phological shape, grain size and preservation criteria.
Grain shape refers to all aspects of the external mor-
phology, including the gross form (equidimensionality
or sphericity), roundness and surface structures (small-
scale roughness or smoothness). Form reflects varia-
tions in the proportions of grains. Roundness is a mea-
sure of the sharpness of grain corners, that is, the
smoothness. Surface texture refers to small-scale micro-
relief markings, such as pits or ridges. Form and round-
ness tend to be positively correlated; particles that are
highly spherical in shape also tend to be well rounded.
Roundness can also be correlated with grain size (see
Sect. 6.1).
Most parameters for estimating form are based on
the relative lengths of the three main axes of grains.
The most widely used measure for expressing form is
sphericity (Wadell 1932; Krumbein 1941; Sneed and
Folk 1958). Grain shape is described qualitatively in
terms of resemblance to geometric shapes and quanti-
tatively with the help of numerical shape parameters
(Syvitski 1991; Hilbrecht 1995). Automated grain shape
analysis is performed on two-dimensionally projected
silhouette images of sand or coarse silt grains (Pye
1994).
