Geology Reference
In-Depth Information
Aragonite
LowMg
HighMg
Aragonite +
Ca
Silica
Calcite
Calcite
Calcite
Phosphates
Cyanobacteria
o
●
o
Pyrrhophyta:
Calciodinoflagellata
●
Chrysophyta:
Diatoms
●
Coccolithophorida
●
Chlorophyta:
Dasycladace
ae
●
Udoteaceae
●
Gymnocodiaceae
●
Charophyceae
●
●
Rhodophyta:
Solenoporaceae
●
Squamariaceae
●
Corallinaceae
●
Radiolaria
●
Foraminifera
o
●
●
Ciliata:
Calpionellida
●
Sponges:
Demospongea
o
●
Calcarea
●
Sphinctozoa
●
●
Stromatoporoidea
o
●
●
Chaetetida
●
●
Archaeocyathida
●
Hexactinellida
●
Scyphozoa:
Conulata
●
Hydrozoa
●
o
o
Corals:
Octocorallia
o
o
●
o
Rugosa
●
o
Heterocorallia
●
Tabulata
o
●
o
Scleractinia
●
Bryozoa
o
●
o
●
o
Brachiopoda:
Articulata
●
o
Inarticulata
●
Mollusca:
Monoplacophora
●
●
Polyplacopho
ra
●
Scaphopoda
●
Bivalvia
●
●
●
Gastropoda
●
●
o
Nautiloidea
●
o
o
Ammonoidea
●● Aptychus
Belemnoidea
●
Tentaculitida
●
●
Annelida:
Serpulida
●
●
o
o
o
Arthropoda:
Trilobita
o
●
Ostracoda
●
o
Cirripedia
o
●
●
Decapoda
●
●
Echinodermata
●
Tunicata
●
Vertebrata
o (otoliths)
●
Conodonts
●
Fig. 4.9.
Primary skeletal mineralogy of organisms
relevant for microfacies studies. The dominating mineralogy is indicated
by black circles, less common mineralogy by open circles. Note that bimineralic skeletons occur in several groups (e.g.
bryozoans, arthropods). Adapted from Leadbeater and Riding (1986), Lowenstam and Weiner (1989), Mann et al. (1989),
Carter (1990), and Van de Poel and Schlager (1994).
face for Ca
2+
, thus controlling the precipitation of
CaCO
3
. The controlled, organic matrix-mediated min-
eralization is responsible for the bulk of the Phanero-
zoic fossil record. This biomineralization type appears
in the Late Precambrian-Early Cambrian interval.
Bio-
induced
formation of minerals results from the activi-
ties of organisms on their external environment with
no necessary specific interaction with organic matri-
ces. Primary examples are the precipitation of calcium
carbonate induced by metabolic processes of bacteria
(Sect. 4.1.1), the formation of iron sulfides as products
of sulfate-reducing bacteria, or the precipitation of ara-
