Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
58. Otero T. F., Cortes M. T., Artifi cial muscles with tactile sensitivity,
Adv. Mater.
, 15 (4), 279-282
(2003).
59. Lu W., Fadeev A. G., Qi B., Smela E., Mattes B. R., Ding J., Spinks G. M., Mazurkiewicz J., Zhou D.,
Wallace G. G., MacFarlane D. R., Forsyth S. A., Forsyth M., 2002, Use of ionic liquids for
π
-conjugated
polymer electrochemical devices,
Science
, 297, 983-987 (2002).
60. Spinks G. M., Liu L., Wallace G. G., Zhou D., Strain response from polypyrrole actuators under load,
Adv. Funct. Mater.
, 12 (6-7), 437-440 (2002).
61. Bay L., Jacobsen T., Skaarup S., West K., Mechanism of actuation in conducting polymers: osmotic
expansion,
J. Phys. Chem. B
, 105 (36), 8492-8497 (2001).
62. Lewis T. W., Spinks G. M., Wallace G. G., Mazzoldi A., De Rossi D., Investigation of the applied poten-
tial limits for polypyrrole when employed as the active components of a two-electrode device,
Synthetic
Met.
, 122, 379-385 (2001).
63. Mazzoldi A., Della S. A., De Rossi D., Conducting polymer actuators: properties and modeling, in
Poly-
mer Sensors and Actuators
, Osada Y. and De Rossi D. (Eds), Berlin: Springer, 207-244 (2000).
64. Mazzoldi A., Degl'Innocenti C., De Rossi D., Actuative properties of polyaniline fi ber under electro-
chemical stimulation,
Mat. Sci. Tec.
C
, 6, 65-72 (1998).
65. De Rossi D., Della S. A., Mazzold A., Performance and work capacity of a polypyrrole conducting
polymer linear actuator,
Synthetic Met.
, 90, 93-100 (1997).
66. Della S. A., De Rossi D., Mazzoldi A., Characterization and modelling of a conducting polymer muscle-
like linear actuator,
Smart. Mater. Struct.
, 6 (1), 23-34 (1997).
67. Gandhi M. R., Murray P., Spinks G. M., Wallace G. G., Mechanism of electromechanical actuation in
polypyrrole,
Synthetic Met.
, 73, 247-256 (1995).
68. Chiarelli P., Della S. A., De Rossi D., Mazzoldi A., Actuation properties of electrochemical driven
polypyrrole free-standing fi lms,
J. Int. Mat. Syst. Struc.
, 6 (1), 32-37 (1995).
69. Kaneto K., Kaneko M., Min Y., MacDiarmid A. G., Artifi cial muscle: electromechanical actuators
using polyaniline fi lms,
Synthetic Met.
, 71, 2211-2212 (1995).
70. Otero T., Sansinena J. M., Soft and wet conducting polymers for artifi cial muscles,
Adv. Mater.
, 10 (6),
491-494 (1998).
71. Otero T. F. et al., Artifi cial muscles from bilayer structures,
Synthetic Met.
, 55-57, 3713-3717 (1993).
72. Pei Q., Inganäs O., Electrochemical muscles: bending strips built from conjugated polymers,
Synthetic
Met.
, 57 (1), 3718-372 (1993).
73. Pei Q., Inganäs O., Lundström I., Bending bilayer strips built from polyaniline for artifi cial electro-
chemical muscles,
Smart Mater. Struct.
, 2, 1-6 (1993).
74. Smela E., Inganäs O., Lundström I., Conducting polymers as artifi cial muscles: challenges and possibili-
ties,
J. Micromech. Microeng.
3, 203-205 (1993).
75. Lewis T. W., Spinks G. M., Wallace G. G., De Rossi D., Pachetti M., Development of an all polymer
electromechanical actuator,
Polymer Preprint
, 38 (2), 520-521 (1997).
76. Takashima W., Kaneko M., Kaneto K., MacDiarmid A. G., The electrochemical actuator using electro-
chemically-deposited poly-aniline fi lm,
Synthetic Met.
, 71, 2265-2266 (1995).
77. Heinze J., Electrochemistry of conducting polymers,
Synthetic Met.
, 41-43, 2805-2823 (1991).
78. Wang H. L., Romero R. J., Mattes B. R., Zhu Y., Winokur M. J., Effect of processing conditions on the
properties of high molecular weight conductive polyaniline fi ber,
J. Pol. Sci. Part B
, 38 (1), 194-204
(2000).
79. Mattes B. R., Wang H. L., Yang D., Zhu Y. T., Blumenthal W. R., Hundley M. F., Formation of conduc-
tive polyaniline fi bers derived from highly concentrated emeraldine base solutions,
Synthetic. Met.
, 84,
45-49 (1994).
80. Chinn D., Janata J., Spin-cast thin fi lms of polyaniline,
Thin Solid Films
, 252, 145 (1994).
81. Lee J. Y., Kim D. Y., Kim C. Y., Synthesis of soluble polypyrrole of the doped state in organic solvents,
Synthetic Met.
, 74, 103 (1995).
82. Kim I. W., Lee J. Y., Lee H., Solution-cast polypyrrole i lm: the electrical and thermal properties,
Syn-
thetic Met
., 78, 177 (1996).
83. Miller E. K., Lee K., Heeger A. J., Lee J. Y., Kim D. Y., Kim C. Y., Refl ectance studies of soluble poly-
pyrrole doped with dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid,
Synthetic Met.
, 84, 821 (1997).
84. Pyo M., Bohn C. C., Smela E., Reynolds J. R., Brennan A. B., Direct strain measurement of polypyrrole
actuators controlled by the polymer/gold interface,
Chem. Mater.
, 15 (4), 916-922 (2003).
85. Jager E. W. H., Smela E., Inganäs O., Microfabricating conjugated polymer actuators,
Science
, 290,
1540-1545 (2000).
