Inorganic and Composite Bioactive Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering - Biomaterials Fabrication and Processing - page 3

1 Inorganic and Composite

Bioactive Scaffolds for
Bone Tissue Engineering

Qi-Zhi Chen, Oana Bretcanu, and Aldo R. Boccaccini

CONTENTS

1.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Design of 3-D Scaffolds............................................................................................................ 4

1.3 Scaffold Materials for Bone Tissue Engineering...................................................................... 6

1.3.1 Bioceramics: Calcium Phosphates ................................................................................ 6
1.3.1.1 Biocompatibility.............................................................................................. 6
1.3.1.2 Degradability .................................................................................................. 6
1.3.1.3 Mechanical Properties .................................................................................... 7
1.3.2 Bioceramics: Bioactive Silicate Glasses........................................................................ 8
1.3.2.1 Biocompatibility.............................................................................................. 8
1.3.2.2 Biodegradability.............................................................................................. 9
1.3.2.3 Mechanical Properties .................................................................................... 9
1.3.3 Bioceramics: Glass-Ceramics ..................................................................................... 10
1.3.3.1 A-W Glass-Ceramics .................................................................................... 10
1.3.3.2 Ceravital Glass-Ceramics ............................................................................. 11
1.3.3.3 Bioverit Glass-Ceramics ............................................................................... 11
1.3.3.4 45S5 Bioglass-Derived Glass-Ceramics ....................................................... 11
1.3.4 Naturally Occurring Biopolymers............................................................................... 11
1.3.4.1 Collagen and ECM-Based Materials ............................................................ 11
1.3.4.2 Chitosan ........................................................................................................ 12
1.3.5 Synthetic Polymers ...................................................................................................... 12
1.3.5.1 Bulk Degradable Polymers ........................................................................... 13
1.3.5.2 Surface Bioeroding Polymers ....................................................................... 15
1.3.6 Biocomposites.............................................................................................................. 16
1.3.7 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 18

1.4 Fabrication of Tissue-Engineering Scaffolds.......................................................................... 19

1.4.1 Fabrication of Inorganic Scaffolds .............................................................................. 19

1.4.1.1 Powder-Forming Processes ........................................................................... 19
1.4.1.2 Sol-Gel Techniques ...................................................................................... 23
1.4.1.3 Solid Free-Form Techniques......................................................................... 24
1.4.1.4

Comparison of Fabrication Techniques for Ceramic or Glass Scaffolds...... 25

1.4.2 Fabrication of Composite Scaffolds ............................................................................ 28

1.4.2.1 Solvent Casting.............................................................................................. 30
1.4.2.2

Solvent Casting or Particle Leaching and Microsphere Packing.................. 30

1.4.2.3 Thermally Induced Phase Separation or Freeze-Drying .............................. 31

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