Geology Reference
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Figure 2.18. South Caspian Depression, Kalmas Field. Ground water parameters in
the Pliocene deposits vs. well positions relative faults: 1. Akchagyl and Apsheron Stages;
2.  I Horizon; 3. II Horizon; 4. III Horizon.
gradient (variation of the water hydrochemical outlook
in the complex's thickness) is G
w
=N
[(
r
)
r
l
]/
h
( ,
met
ak
+
PSRS
and it
ranges between 0.053 and 0.896/km (Table 11.3). It is obvi-
ous that minimum gradient values go with the environment
of leveling the salinity and composition in the section of the
highs and the maximum values go with the opposite trend.
Sometimes clear direct correlation exists between both gra-
dients and structural parameters of the highs (the depth to
the PT-KT top ( T PS(RS) ) and its thickness ( h PS(RS) ). In addition,
inverse correlation with their deformation parameters (per-
unit faulting d i and steepness (intensity) K i of the highs; as
well as clear functional correlation with geobaric, geotem-
perature and hydrodynamic regime of the structures (see
later). These are the indications of fluids' strong subvertical
crossflows in the section in the most deformed zones of the
PT-KT reservoirs.
t A common view in the hydrogeological publications of the
hydrocarbonate-sodium water association exceptionally
with the lower Middle Pliocene is erroneous. In the larg-
est fields the alkaline waters are found not only in the lower
where
[(
r
N
)
r
Cl]=[
(
r
N
)
r
Cl]
max
[
(
r
N
)
r
Cl]
min
,
ak
+
ak
+
ak
+
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