Cell Therapy for Cardiovascular Disorders - Applications of Biotechnology in Cardiovascular Therapeutics - page 160

Table 7.1 Classification of various types of cell therapy for cardiovascular disorders
Immune modulation of inflammation by cytokines released from cells
Role of intrinsic circulating cells
Cells derived from extra-cardiovascular tissues
Splenic myocytes for repair of the injured heart
Cells derived from the skeletal muscle: myoblasts, myoendothelial cells
Cells derived from the heart
Cardiac progenitor cells
Cardiomyocytes
Stem cells
Autologous adult stem cells: HSCs from blood for bone marrow, MSCs from bone marrow
Cardiac stem cells
Cord blood stem cells
Embryonic stem cells converted into cardiomyocytes
Implantation of genetically engineered cells
Transplantation of cells secreting vascular endothelial growth factor
Transplantation of genetically modified bone marrow stem cells
Induction of cellular proliferation and regeneration
Drug-induced proliferation of cardiomyocytes
Drug-induced proliferation of stem cells
Cells for cardiac tissue repair/engineering
Cells for reconstruction of blood vessels and valves of the heart
Fibroblast culture for patching damaged heart
Fetal cardiomyocytes for seeding into cardiac grafts
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An example of this is immune modulation. A classification of various types of cell
therapy for cardiovascular disorders is shown in Table 7.1 .
Cell-Mediated Immune Modulation for Chronic Heart Disease
Inflammation is a normal response of the immune system to cellular injury caused
by infection, trauma, or other stimuli. During the inflammatory process, immune
cells release a number of factors, including cytokines that modulate inflammation
and facilitate the healing process. While this inflammatory process is usually self-
limiting, it can persist, become chronic, and lead to a number of serious medical
conditions including chronic heart disease.
Oxidative stress is a factor known to initiate apoptosis, a physiologic process
that is inherently anti-inflammatory. Oxidative stress can induce cell apoptosis and
during this process signaling molecules, including phosphatidylserine (PS), nor-
mally present on the inner surface of the cell membrane, become exposed on the
cell surface. The PS molecules interact with specific PS receptors on the surface of
antigen presenting cells (APCs) of the immune system, including macrophages and