Reference types - Data Structures and Problem Solving Using Java - page 60

new to allocate a larger amount of memory and then copying over individual ele-
ments. This process is done automatically by the ArrayList .
Exceptions are used to signal exceptional events. An exception is signaled
by the throw clause; it is propagated until handled by a catch block that is asso-
ciated with a try block. Except for the run-time exceptions and errors, each
method must signal the exceptions that it might propagate by using a throws list.
StringTokenizer s are used to parse a String into other String s. Typically,
they are used in conjunction with other input routines. Input is handled by
Scanner and FileReader objects.
The next chapter shows how to design new types by defining a class .
key concepts
aggregate A collection of objects stored in one unit. (37)
array Stores a collection of identically typed objects. (37)
array indexing operator [] Provides access to any element in the array. (37)
ArrayList Stores a collection of objects in array-like format, with easy expan-
sion via the add method. (42)
call-by-reference In many programming languages, means that the formal
parameter is a reference to the actual argument. This is the natural effect
achieved in Java when call-by-value is used on reference types. (33)
catch block Used to process an exception. (48)
checked exception Must be either caught or explicitly allowed to propagate by
a throws clause. (50)
command-line argument Accessed by a parameter to main . (45)
construction For objects, is performed via the new keyword. (31)
dot member operator ( . ) Allows access to each member of an object. (30)
dynamic array expansion Allows us to make arrays larger if needed. (40)
enhanced for loop Added in Java 5, allows iteration through a collection of
items. (46)
equals Used to test if the values stored in two objects are the same. (34)
Error An unrecoverable exception. (50)
exception Used to handle exception occurrences, such as errors. (47)
FileReader Used for file input. (56)
FileWriter Used for file output. (59)
finally clause Always executed prior to exiting a try / catch sequence. (48)
garbage collection Automatic reclaiming of unreferenced memory. (31)