Introduction - Database Processing: Fundamentals, Design, and Implementation - page 22

Figure 1-25
Database History

Era Years Important

Products

Remarks

Predatabase Before 1970 File managers All data were stored in

separate files. Data
integration was very
difficult. File storage
space was expensive
and limited.
First products to provide
related tables. CODASYL
DBTG and hierarchical
data models (DL/I) were
prevalent.

Early database 1970 -1980 ADABAS, System2000,

Total, IDMS, IMS

Emergence of
relational model

1978 -1985 DB2, Oracle Early relational DBMS

products had substantial
inertia to overcome. In
time, the advantages
weighed out.

Microcomputer
DBMS products

1982 -1992+ dBase-II, R:base,

Paradox, Access

Amazing! A database on a
micro. All micro DBMS
products were eliminated
by Microsoft Access in
the early 1990s.
Never caught on. Required
relational database to be
converted. Too much work
for perceived benefit.

Object-oriented
DBMS

1985 -2000 Oracle ODBMS and

others

Web databases 1995 -

present

IIS, Apache, PHP,
ASP.NET, and Java

Stateless characteristic of
HTTP was a problem at
first. Early applications
were simple one-stage
transactions. Later, more
complex logic developed.
Open source DBMS
products provide much of
the functionality and
features of commercial
DBMS products at
reduced cost.

Open source
DBMS products

1995-
present

MySQL, PostgresQL,
and other products

XML and Web
services

1998 -
present

XML, SOAP, WSDL,
UDDI, and other
standards

XML provides tremendous
benefits to Web-based
database applications. Very
important today. May
replace relational databases
during your career. See
Chapter 12.

Big Data and the
NoSQL
movement

2009-
present

Hadoop, Cassandra,
Hbase, CouchDB,
MongoDB, and other
products

Web applications such as
Facebook and Twitter use
Big Data technologies, often
using Hadoop and related
products. The NoSQL
movement is really a
NoRelationalDB movement
that replaces relational
databases with non-relational
data structures. See
Chapter 12.