Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
The efficiency and performance of a CHP system, known as energy utilisation
factor (
EUF
) and electricity-to-heat ratio (
EHR
) respectively, are defined as:
P
chp
G
T
chp
G
+
EUF
chp
=
=
η
el
+
η
th
(4.22)
G
chp
D
η
el
η
th
EHR
chp
=
(4.23)
The penetration level of CHP units within a node is defined as the percentage of
dwellings with small-scale generators connected to the grid, and detailed as:
N
chp
N
clients
%
chp
=
(4.24)
Table 4.2 shows current micro-CHP units available today, while Figure 4.11
depicts this data in graph form as the capacity of the models increase [189,190].
It is important to acknowledge that the EHR and penetration of CHP technolo-
gies will impact differently the operating parameters, load profiles and network losses
for both electrical and natural gas infrastructures. However, the influence that cogen-
eration technologies can have on network performance will also be closely related to
Table 4.2
Review of micro-CHP system specifications
Technology
Manufacturer
Size (kW
el
)
η
el
η
th
EUF
Reciprocating
Honda
1.0
0.21
0.64
0.85
Honda 1998
1.8
0.22
0.58
0.80
Ecopower
4.7
0.25
0.65
0.90
Intelligen Alpha
5.0
0.21
0.49
0.70
Senertec
5.5
0.28
0.63
0.90
Aisin Seiki
6.0
0.27
0.60
0.87
Intelligen 2010
10.0
0.27
0.61
0.88
Totem Accorroni
15.0
0.27
0.69
0.96
Coast-intelligen
55.0
0.30
0.48
0.78
Tecogen
60.0
0.26
0.57
0.83
MAN
100.0
0.31
0.50
0.81
Micro-turbine
Capstone
30.0
0.26
0.55
0.81
IR Energy Systems
70.0
0.28
0.43
0.71
Turbec T100
100.0
0.30
0.49
0.79
Stirling
Baxi Ecogen
1.0
0.13
0.79
0.92
SEM
1.2
0.18
0.75
0.93
EA Technology
3.0
0.24
0.68
0.92
Sun Power
3.4
0.10
0.61
0.71
United
11.4
0.33
0.45
0.78
DTE Energy
20.0
0.30
0.52
0.82
Fuel cell
Panasonic
1.0
0.38
0.55
0.93
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