Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Chapter 4
Modelling embedded technologies in energy
service networks
Once the basic nodal-branch modelling theory to conduct load flow studies in elec-
trical and natural gas systems has been comprehended, it is essential to include
elements that complement and strengthen the representation of energy service net-
works. By including formulations to represent embedded technologies, the analytical
TCOPF tool can then employ these control variables to enhance the flow of energy in
infrastructures. Hence, this chapter focuses on expanding the modelling framework
from Chapter 3. The embedded technologies modelled in this chapter are classified
into two categories:
●
Control devices
: Considering on-load tap changer (OLTCs) and compressor
stations in electrical and natural gas networks respectively.
●
DER technologies
: Covering exclusively combined heat and power (CHP) and
plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV) technologies with their respective thermal and
electrochemical storage units.
The chapter begins by explaining how to model a complex OLTC in electrical
systems and then is followed by compressor unit modelling in gas systems. Subse-
quently, CHP and PHEV devices are portrayed, giving especial emphasis to the storage
features they bring along to the integrated load flow problem. Laying a consistent
framework for the representation of control mechanisms and distributed resources
creates the opportunity to explore the operating trade-offs and interdependency
relationships new technologies can have on energy service networks.
4.1
Modelling on-load tap-changer transformers
4.1.1 Fundamentals of OLTC transformers
Sources of concern for distribution network operators (DNOs), due to their direct
influence on power losses, are the noticeable voltage drops that can occur in radial
distribution networks. Electrical losses are an inevitable consequence of the transfer
of energy and DNOs need to regulate their value. As mentioned in Table 3.1 and
depicted in Figure 4.1, the electrical power losses are a product of the voltage dif-
ference between two nodes and the current flowing through the power line. This fact
implies that the voltage value in a primary feeder decreases as power moves from
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