Integrated modelling review - Modelling Distributed Energy Resources in Energy Service Networks - page 24

Work [128] proposes a smart management of PHEVs, reducing possible conges-
tion in power networks by intelligently charging PHEVs based on energy price signals.
This string of research expands on multi-carrier energy systems theory by introduc-
ing an unbiased body that regulates PHEV integration and the demand issues related
with these agents [129]. As a consequence, the optimal dispatch of energy enhances
the utility to which the mobile agents are connected. Under a similar approach,
Denholm et al . [116] and Denholm and Short [130] continue the efforts in exploring
the issues, so utilities can directly control the charging of PHEVs at precise moments
of the day. A key conclusion drawn from these studies is that the development of
smart charging frameworks for PHEVs should result in the development of charging
pricing tariffs that reflect the marginal costs of electricity.
Research [33] attempts a more holistic approach by presenting a model that
integrates renewable energy resources and diverse DER technologies plus V2G
capabilities with the objective to assess their impact on the power grid. The study
models two national energy systems, one for Denmark and the other for a similar
country without the Danish energy mix portfolio ( e.g. absence of CHP capacity).
Results show that considering DERs and PHEVs with high power connections in
national energy systems allows integrating high levels of wind power without creat-
ing concerns about excess electricity production, while at the same time also reduc-
ing national CO 2 emissions.
As the review shows, there is a gap in the literature regarding frameworks that
can optimally integrate the effects PHEV technology and other DERs can have on
multiple infrastructures. For instance, there have been almost no efforts to research
how PHEV demand could complement the excess power production from CHPs or
other devices such as photovoltaics. Likewise, there is much work to be done in
comprehending how V2G features could aid in reducing peak demands and power
losses. It is clear that the sooner DER questions are addressed, the sooner stake-
holders can decide to make a clear bet on DERs as part of their energy portfolio;
that deciding if embedded generation is to have a relevant role in future design and
operation of gas and electric distribution networks [15]. Thus, great research value
potential exists in developing integrated energy network models that can assess the
management of DERs. Although load flow studies for individual energy systems are
well established, synthesising multiple infrastructures is an exciting new area for
energy specialists. This research field is just emerging and the next section covers the
modelling methodologies commonplace in the literature.

2.2 Approaches on modelling multiple energy networks

2.2.1 Multi-generation analysis
Various detailed DER modelling efforts have been proposed to address multiple
sources of generation in power networks. These contributions deal with how the
infrastructures can incorporate in conjunction a set of technologies. Mostly this
branch of research has focused on evaluating DER solutions taking into consideration