Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
process are abundant. Therefore, it is convenient to organise the data in an appropriate
manner to visualise and identify the insights the TCOPF model offers.
The indicators used to contrast and analyse the results from one operating strat-
egy to another include:
Technical data : Focuses on operating variables such as power losses, load profile
characteristics, embedded generation dispatch and SOC storage levels.
Economic data : Concentrates on information with regards to operating costs,
spot market price energy consumption and locational marginal costs (LMCs).
As stated before, the TCOPF multi-period non-linear optimisation solver guar-
antees the best possible solution for the whole energy system being analysed by
simultaneously calculating the operating conditions of the infrastructures and embed-
ded technologies. This means, according to the operating strategy in place, its
corresponding objective function will give no preference to any particular DNO
or DER technology and instead provide the solution of an optimum coordinated
energy system. Thus, as the results will show, the TCOPF program fulfils its inter-
dependency and holistic framework approach for which it was conceived.
The output data is categorised and analysed in the following manner:
Integrated versus non-integrated systems;
Natural gas network;
CHP and thermal store technology;
Electrical network;
PHEV technology.
6.2.2 Integrated versus non-integrated systems
It is reasonable to think consumers will not change their energy demands if they
possess a DER technology, thus still consuming the same amount of energy for their
daily activities ( e.g. running appliances and obtaining heating comfort). However, the
fact they can now in some sense either generate or store energy will most probably
create considerable changes in the load profiles distribution networks will visualise
from their perspective ( i.e. supply point). Calculating this variation is a fascinating
topic in power systems.
Therefore, it is important to understand the basic effects the presence of dis-
tributed resource technologies, such as CHP and PHEV devices, can have on natural
gas and electrical networks. To grasp the differences between coupled and decoupled
energy systems, this section emphasises this difference by analysing one specific time
interval from cases 1 and 3.
Figures 6.6 and 6.7 compare optimisation results with and without DER tech-
nologies by illustrating the network conditions during the afternoon peak demand
( i.e. 7 p.m.) in electrical and natural gas networks respectively. The operating and
marginal cost values provided for the 'before DER' case refer to the reference sce-
nario (case 1), while the 'after DER' case refers to the plug-and-forget scenario
(case 3). Naturally, in the first case (grey bars), no power is converted or stored within
nodes and both power demands are provided through their respective grid supply
points. Hence, the systems are operated in a non-integrated manner. In the second
 
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