Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Energy spot market prices
140
Gas
Electricity
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Time (h)
Figure 6.4
Natural gas and electricity spot market prices for a UK winter weekday
[93]
Table 6.3
UK power generation technologies
Technology
Fuel mix (%)
Carbon emissions (kgCO
2
/
MWh)
Natural gas
47.7
450
Coal
25.8
980
Nuclear
18
6
Renewable
6.6
5.5
Other
1.9
630
technologies used to simulate the case studies are summarised in Tables 6.4 and 6.5.
The values of all the variables depicted in the tables, unless specified, are in PU
terms. Please refer to the previous chapters to identify how these parameters affect
the TCOPF problem formulation.
The snapshot and global constraints are detailed in Table 6.6; however, capacity
limits on cables and pipes are omitted since they are rarely met in radially designed
distribution systems. These constraints are the same for all case studies, expect for
the plug-and-forget simulation in which the OLTC value cannot be less than 1.
Note
: According to how the TCOPF problem is established, the fleet of PHEVs
in all case scenarios (
i.e.
cases 2-7) always provide 10% of their battery capacity back
to the grid; therefore, the
ATR
value is 0.1 for all nodes; this is done with the purpose
to illustrate where and when the utilities would receive this energy (V2G) in case it
was available and required for ancillary services.
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