Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Chapter 5
Time-coordinated optimal power flow for energy
service networks
By simulating a high presence of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) and com-
bined heat and power (CHP) technologies embedded to the grid, it creates the
opportunity for these units to be optimally operated under various control schemes
which could consequently enhance electric and natural gas network operation. Fur-
thermore, if vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and thermal storage features are included in the
problem, these embedded technologies could have an even greater impact on the
performance of utilities. Thus, after the modelling framework has been established
for electrical and natural gas distribution networks (detailed in Chapter 3), and once
the characteristics for portraying various control mechanisms and embedded tech-
nologies have been explained (detailed in Chapter 4), it is possible to incorporate all
of these concepts into an integrated time-coordinated optimal power flow (TCOPF)
formulation.
This chapter describes the optimisation program developed, referred to as TCOPF,
by addressing the maths employed to set-up and calculate both the optimal dispatch
of embedded technologies and the optimal power flow in electric and natural gas
systems. Thus, allowing the TCOPF to act as a coordinating entity that manages cost-
effective interactions between embedded technologies and energy service networks.
Some operational questions that arise during a holistic analysis of energy
networks are:
Under what conditions it is better to relief the grid and employ the use of on-site
generation?
●
When are the appropriate moments to charge or discharge storage technologies?
●
What electricity and natural gas load profile variations can become commonplace
if distributed energy resource (DER) technologies act in a coordinated fashion?
●
5.1
TCOPF problem outline
5.1.1 Problem description
In a conventional load flow problem the goal is to determine the operating conditions
of the network at a given time, in which the control variables have a prespecified
value. Meanwhile, in an optimal power flow (OPF) problem this is not the case,
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