Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
at risk of
P. vivax
in the Americas in 2010. The majority of the PAR was in
areas of unstable transmission (64%; 87.66 million) and 36% (49.79 million)
were exposed to stable
P. vivax
transmission. Brazil had the largest PAR with
45.22 million people living at any risk, which is 26% of its total population
and represents 33% of the region's PAR). The largest number of people liv-
ing at stable risk (13.02 million) was in Brazil, followed by Venezuela with
4.43 million at stable risk and 22.87 million total at risk (83% of the national
population and 17% of the regional PAR). Colombia was estimated to have
7.53 million at stable risk and 19.15 million at risk (56% of its total popula-
tion and 14% of the region's total). El Salvador, with a PAR 3.17 million, did
not have any individuals living at stable risk. French Guiana (PAR 158,000)
and Suriname (PAR 30,000; the lowest PAR in the region) did not have any
populations living at unstable risk. The portion of the PAR at stable trans-
mission in Belize was also nearly 100%; only 30 individuals out of 220,000
at risk were in unstable transmission areas. Of the 1.5 billion people living at
unstable and 964 million at stable transmission around the globe, 5.8% and
5.2% of those were found in the Americas, respectively.
Vectors
. Of the 20 potential vectors (
Table 1.2
) of
P. vivax
in the Americas,
nine are considered DVS. These include
Anopheles albimanus
,
An. albitarsis
complex,
An. aquasalis
,
An. darlingi
,
An. freeborni
,
An. marajoara
,
An. nunez-
tovari
complex,
An. pseudopunctipennis
and
An. quadrimaculatus
(
Sinka et al.,
2010b
). The predicted distribution of these species is shown in
Fig. 1.9
D.
There were 4141 georeferenced spatiotemporally unique occurrence points
obtained for
Anopheles
DVS from 25 countries in the Americas. Twenty-two
percent of the occurrence records (
n
= 926) referred to
An. darlingi
and 20%
(
n
= 851) to
An. albimanus
. The remaining species had occurrence data of
between 63 (
An. freeborni
) and 572 (
An. quadrimaculatus s.l.
) records. Of the
total number of point locations identified (
n
= 1509), the greatest number
came from the United States (
n
= 377), followed by Brazil (
n
= 304) and
Belize (
n
= 228). The
Pv
MECs with the fewest point records (<10) were
French Guiana (
n
= 7), El Salvador (
n
= 3), Paraguay (
n
= 2), Guyana
(
n
= 1), Honduras (
n
= 1) and Nicaragua (
n
= 1).
Distribution maps indicate a relatively straightforward vector pro-
file across the
Pv
MECs of the Americas. Of the nine DVS in this region,
An. darlingi
and
An. albitarsis s.l.
met the criteria for further description
because these species are predicted to have a wide distribution in the region
and conclusive supporting evidence indicating transmission of
P. vivax
in the
wild, indeed, the distribution of
An. darlingi
is remarkably similar to that of
P. vivax
in the region (
1.3C2 and 1.9D
). Although
An. darlingi
is considered
