Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
even when weighted by population estimates, indicating that this region
would benefit from increased prevalence surveillance data.
Population at risk
. Relative to the geographic size of the region, Asia-
Pacific had a large PAR due to pockets of intense transmission in highly
populated endemic areas. It was estimated that there were 215 million peo-
ple at risk in this region. This was only 11% of the PAR in mainland Asia.
However, the proportion of the population that was at any risk of
P. vivax
relative to the total population of the
Pv
MECs in Asia-Pacific was compa-
rable to the Asia region: the PAR was 59% of the total population in Asia-
Pacific and 58% in Asia. The largest PAR in Asia-Pacific was in Indonesia,
with an estimated population of 129.28 million individuals at risk of
P. vivax
out of a total population of 231.60 million (56%) in 2010.The PAR of stable
and unstable transmission in Indonesia was 60% of the PAR of Asia-Pacific
as a whole. The next largest PAR estimates were from the Philippines and
Malaysia. The Philippines had 50.34 million people at risk or 54% of the
total population of the Philippines and 23% of the regional PAR. Malaysia
had 27.88 million (99.8% of the Malaysian population; 13% of the regional
PAR) people at risk. Papua New Guinea had a PAR of 5.64 million (81%
of the national population; 3% of the regional PAR) and Timor-Leste had
1.15 million (98% of the national population; 0.5% of the regional PAR).
The Solomon Islands and Vanuatu had a PAR less than one million: 0.53
and 0.24 million (both nearly 100% of the total national populations and
<0.3% of the regional PAR). Seventy percent of the total PAR in the region
was exposed to unstable transmission. Unstable transmission predominated
in Indonesia and Malaysia, where 79% (26.78 million) and 84% (4.45 mil-
lion) of the PAR, respectively, were exposed to that level of transmission.
In the Philippines, 53% (26.59 million) of the PAR lived in areas of stable
transmission. Nearly all of the transmission in Vanuatu was stable (99.57%).
The entire PAR in both Timor-Leste and the Solomon Islands experienced
stable transmission. More than half of the population (59%) in Asia-Pacific
is at risk of some level of vivax malaria transmission and the 215 million
people at risk was 8.7% of the global PAR.
Vectors
. Of the 26 potential vector species of
P. vivax
(
Table 1.2
), we
predict that 16 are DVS that occur in Asia-Pacific (
Anopheles aconitus
,
An. annularis
,
An. balabacensis
,
An. barbirostris
complex,
An. dirus
complex,
An. farauti
complex,
An. flavirostris
,
An. koliensis
,
An. lesteri
,
An. leucosphyrus
&
An. latens
(sister species grouped together here due to known mis-identifica-
tion problems within the current literature), Maculatus Group,
An. minimus
complex,
An. punctulatus
complex,
An. sinensis
complex,
An. subpictus
complex
